家庭代际学习:模式、要素与作用机理

Family Intergenerational Learning:Models,Elements and Mechanisms

家庭代际学习是代际学习在家庭场域中的具体应用,它贯穿家庭的各个生命阶段,是真正意义上的终身学习实践。当前家庭代际学习存在开放共享、基于尊重的自上而下、基于尊重的自下而上和开放非共享四种典型模式,其与家庭的构成要素,即家庭结构、互动层次、学习目标与内容密切相关。从家庭结构来看,复合家庭、直系家庭、核心家庭三种家庭结构相对传统和稳定,任何家庭代际学习模式都可能发生;不完全家庭多表现为开放共享或非共享家庭代际学习模式。从互动层次来看,基于尊重的自上而下模式和基于尊重的自下而上模式均以家庭内学习为主;开放共享模式和开放非共享模式均存在个体参与形式的家庭外学习,而以家庭为单位参与的家庭外学习只发生在开放共享模式中。从学习目标与内容来看,无论哪种家庭代际学习模式,都包含知识、技能与意识提升等学习目标,以及知识传授、技能传递与意识形态建设等学习内容。家庭代际学习的有效发生受家庭凝聚力、灵活性和沟通三大因素影响。因此,推进家庭代际学习,一是要注重回归家庭深度联结,激发家庭代际学习原生动力;二是要明晰多元构成要素,选择适合的家庭代际学习模式;三是要重视有效调节机制,形成家庭学习可持续性生态。

Family intergenerational learning is the specific application of intergenerational learning in the family field,which is a lifelong learning practice in the true sense throughout every life stage of the family.At present,there are four typical models of family intergenerational learning:the open sharing model,the respect-based top-down model,the respect-based bottom-up model and the open non-sharing model.These four models are closely related to the family’s constituent elements,namely family structure,interaction level,learning goals and content.From the perspective of family structure,compound family,direct family and nuclear family are relatively traditional and stable,and any family intergenerational learning model may occur.Incomplete family is mainly manifested as the open sharing or non-sharing family intergenerational learning model.From the perspective of interaction level,both the respect-based top-down model and the respect-based bottom-up model focus on learning within the family.Both the open sharing mode and the open non-sharing mode have individual participation form of out-of-family learning,while the family-based out-of-family learning only occurs in the open sharing model.From the perspective of learning objectives and contents,no matter what kind of family intergenerational learning model it is,it contains learning objectives such as knowledge,skills and consciousness improvement,as well as learning contents such as knowledge imparting,skill transfer and ideological construction.The effective family intergenerational learning is influenced by three factors:family cohesion,flexibility and communication.Therefore,to promote family intergenerational learning,the following suggestions are provided.First,attention should be paid to returning to the deep connection of family to stimulate the original power of family intergenerational learning.Second,it is necessary to clarify the multi-component elements to choose the suitable family intergenerational learning model.Third,emphasis should be laid on the effective adjustment mechanism to form a sustainable ecology of family learning.