《史记》隐喻学术思想管窥

A Probe into Academic Metaphor Thoughts in Historical Records

为了拓宽《史记》研究的深度和宽度,进而助力其传播与传承。文章在认知语言学视域下,在历时探究隐喻是词之对比、思想之互动以及认知之手段的基础上,厘定以莱考夫和约翰逊的概念隐喻映射理论为依据,宏观上从浪漫之理想、悲剧之同情以及讽刺之批判等三个隐喻层面;微观上,从方位、实体、结构等基本隐喻;以及组合、聚合、复杂复合等扩展隐喻多个视角、多个层面管窥《史记》隐喻机制。发现:其一,司马迁虽然没有提出任何隐喻理论,但其《史记》叙事风格蕴含着丰富的隐喻思想。其二,隐喻贯穿于《史记》叙事的浪漫、悲剧和讽刺三大情节类型,分别隐喻着司马迁的理想、同情和批判之精神。其三,《史记》不仅善于运用当代学者提出的方位、实体、结构等基本隐喻,还能创造性地熟练使用组合、聚合、复杂复合等扩展隐喻。由此可见,司马迁不仅是史学、文学巨匠,还是一代隐喻宗师。

In order to broaden the depth and width of the study of Historical Records,and then promote its dissemination and inheritance,from the perspective of cognitive linguistics,based on the consideration of metaphor as the contrast of words,the interaction of ideas and the means of cognition,adopted Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor mapping theory,this paper studies the metaphorical mechanism of Historical Records from three aspects at the macro level and from six aspects at the micro level,that is,idealism in romance,compassion in tragedy,and criticism in satire,orientational,ontological,structural,syntagmatic,paradigmatic,and complex compound metaphor etc.Finally,three conclusions were reached.First,although Sima Qian did not put forward any metaphor theory,his narrative style in Historical Records contains rich metaphorical thoughts.Second,metaphor runs through the three major narrative types of romance,tragedy,and satire in Historical Records,respectively metaphorizing Sima Qian’s idealism,compassion,and criticism.Third,Historical Records is not only good at using the basic metaphors proposed by contemporary scholars such as orientational metaphor,ontological metaphor and structural metaphor,but also using extended metaphors such as syntagmatic metaphor,paradigmatic metaphor,and complex compound metaphor creatively and skillfully.It can be seen that Sima Qian is not only a master of history-recording and literary writing,but also a great metaphorist of his generation.