数字劳工新形态的本质、异化与发展——以马克思人学理论为视角

Essence,Alienation and Development of New Form of Digital Labor:From the Perspective of Marx’s Human Theory

随着互联网、大数据、人工智能等的发展和应用,人类社会呈现出智能化、信息化、数据化的特征,越来越多的劳动者被纳入“虚拟世界”,成为数字劳工。数字劳工的劳动形式呈现为弹性雇佣、游戏体验、情感劳动等新形式,表现出虚拟性、产消合一性、流动性、主动性等特点。数字劳工在享受时代便利、实现自身价值和发展的同时,也遭受着来自数字资本与数字平台的全方位、更具隐蔽性的剥削。数字劳工陷入主体性危机,其社会交往和精神情感出现异化。立足于马克思人学理论“人的本质”“人的需要”“人的价值”“人的发展”等方面的核心内容,具象化分析数字劳工的发展与异化,提出从国家、社会、平台多个层面出发,保障数字劳工的权益,助力数字劳工自由健康发展。

With the development and application of the Internet,big data,and artificial intelligence,human society is demonstrating characteristics of intelligence,informatization,and datafication,and an increasing number of workers have been integrated into the“virtual world”,becoming digital laborers.The work patterns of digital labor manifest as flexible employment,gaming experiences,emotional labor,and other new forms,exhibiting characteristics such as virtuality,prosumption,fluidity,and initiative.While digital laborers enjoy the conveniences of the era,realize their own value,and pursue personal development,they are also subjected to comprehensive and more covert exploitation from digital capital and digital platforms.Digital laborers are facing a crisis of subjectivity,and their social interactions and spiritual emotions are undergoing alienation.Based on the core concepts of Marx’s human theory,such as“human essence”,“human needs”,“human value”,and“human development”,a concrete analysis of the development and alienation of digital labor is conducted.Efforts should be made to protect the rights and interests of digital laborers and promote their free and healthy development from the perspectives of the country,society,and platforms.