从“希腊风”到“开明的品位”——迪朗早期作品设计中的“古典”思想及主导因素转向“类型”原因探析

From"Goût Grec"to"Goût Eclairé":An Analysis of the"Classical"Ideology in the Design of Durand's Early Works and the Reasons for the Shift from Dominant Factors to"Genre"

让-尼古拉-路易·迪朗是18-19世纪法国著名的建筑教育家和理论家。作为巴黎综合理工学院的建筑学教师,他开创了以网格、轴线为方法,以经济、简明为目的的建筑设计教学方法,这套隐含着类型学思想的设计方法体现出了明显的与“古典”的区别,也因此得到了广泛的关注与讨论。然而,在他成为理工学院教师之前的设计作品得到的关注寥寥无几,关于从“古典”到“类型”转变的原因也莫衷一是。本文将从迪朗1793-1794年间的设计作品入手,结合当时的时代背景分析这些作品诞生的环境、设计的方法及受到的影响,总结他的职业生涯早期是如何受到“希腊风”影响,将建筑与当时的时代精神结合到一起;并以“建筑物—精神”之间的联系为依据分析他从受到希腊风影响转向“开明的品位”的原因。

Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand was a famous French architectural educator and theorist of the 18th and 19th centuries.As a teacher of architecture at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris,he pioneered a method of teaching architectural design based on grids and axes;this was an economical and concise approach to design that embodies an obvious break with the classical approach of typology and has received widespread attention and discussion.However,his design works before he became a teacher at the Polytechnic have received little attention,and the reasons for his turn from"classical"to"genre"are also not universally agreed upon.In this paper,we will analyse the context of his works between 1793 and 1794,the environment in which they were created,the design method,and the influences on them,and summarise how he was influenced by the"goût grec"early in his career,combining architecture with the spirit of the times.This paper will also analyse the reasons for his turn from Greek influence on the"open taste"based on the"building-spirit"connection.