专家赋能与国家创新体系效能——学理溯源、运行机理与实现路径

Expert Empowerment and the Effectiveness of National Innovation System:Theory Tracing,Operation Mechanism and Implementation Path

在中国式现代化发展过程中,专家在国家创新体系效能提升中有着不可替代的作用。通过对相关概念进行学理溯源,将专家参与推广到专家赋能,并探讨专家赋能助推国家创新体系效能实现的四重约束条件。在此基础上,进一步分析专家赋能与国家创新体系效能之间的运行机理。结果表明:专家赋能过程中产生的能量有正负之分,分别用专家正向赋能与专家负向赋能表示。应促使专家参与产生正向能量,同时,通过制度设计减少或避免产生负向能量;专家正向赋能与国家创新体系效能类似于物理学中的动能和势能,这两种“能”可以在知识和创新资源的整合与分配过程中发生碰撞、融合及相互转化。为提升国家创新体系效能,需发挥专家正向赋能作用。最后,从5个方面提出实现路径。

In the process of the development of Chinese modernization,experts have an irreplaceable role in improving the efficiency of the national innovation system.At present,most studies on the construction of a national innovation governance system lack consideration for the special group of experts and have not yet investigated the role and mechanism of the special group of experts in improving the efficiency of the national innovation system.Therefore,by tracing the scientific origin of the concept of expert,this study extends expert participation to expert empowerment.Expert participation has undergone three paradigms of technocracy,instrumentalism and governance,while expert empowerment is in essence a full integration of the aforementioned three aspects.Although expert empowerment helps to ensure the rule of law and fairness throughout the process of resource allocation,there are four dilemmas for expert empowerment,constraining the effectiveness of the national innovation system,i.e.,the expert argumentation system dilemma,the expert trust dilemma,the public participation dilemma,and the national innovation governance dilemma.The study further analyzes the operating mechanism between expert empowerment and efficiency of the national innovation system.On the one hand,it explores the transformation mechanism between expert empowerment and national innovation system effectiveness;on the other hand,it analyzes the interaction between positive empowerment of experts and the effectiveness of the national innovation system to verify the rationality of the transformation mechanism between expert empowerment and effectiveness of the national innovation system.The research shows that(1)the energy in the process of expert empowerment can be divided into positive energy and negative energy,and they are respectively represented by positive empowerment of experts and pseudo-expert negative energy.The core issue of expert empowerment is to make the effect of expert participation positive and reduce or avoid the negative energy of pseudo-experts in the system design;(2)positive empowerment of experts and national innovation system effectiveness are similar to kinetic energy and potential energy in physics.These two energies can collide,fuse,and transform each other in the integration and distribution of knowledge and innovation resources.In the process of improving the effectiveness of the national innovation system,in order to implement and finally realize the positive empowerment of experts,the study proposes the realization path from five aspects:(1)in the aspect of participating entities,it is critical to achieve diversified coordination among government governance,positive empowerment of experts,and public participation;(2)in terms of legalized governance,it is necessary to actively promote the legalization process in the process of expert advice;(3)in order to promote the positive empowerment of experts,it is feasible to create national innovative pilot clusters based on expert positive empowerment;(4)with regards to the overall governance,it is vital to resolve the fragmentation issue of expert participation in institutional design;(5)positive expert empowerment can be achieved by conducting public policy experiments to form public policy pilot projects,ultimately promoting the effectiveness of the national innovation system;the effectiveness of the national innovation system can also be experimented in social sciences through public policy pilot projects,enriching existing expert resources,and in turn enhancing the power of positive empowerment of experts.In this way,the scientific path between expert empowerment and the national innovation system could be optimized.The contribution of the theory of expert empowerment is as follows:first,expert empowerment further expands the research scope of expert empowerment theory;second,the fundamental principle of the mutual conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy in physics is introduced into the theory of expert empowerment;third,it explores the operating mechanism between expert empowerment and national innovation system effectiveness,especially the transformation process and interaction process;fourth,the study puts forward the realization path from five aspects,which provides an implementation mechanism for the realization of positive empowerment of experts.