权力、场域与公私之变:民国无锡园林转型的社会学解读

Power,Field,and Public-Private Transformation:A Sociological Interpretation on the Transformation of Wuxi Gardens in the Republic of China Period

民国时期,无锡开创私人建园向公众免费开放之先河,是中国近代园林史上一个极具代表性的缩影。而作为园主的民族资产阶级,也以园林搭建了一个复杂的社会关系网。为了研究园林转型背后的权力斗争,以布尔迪厄的场域理论进行分析,链接了以往被忽视的零散非体系性史料。发现在权力、经济与园林场域的交叠下,无锡的民族资产阶级对自我身份认知发生变化,从而顺应时势而调整自身的位置。园林作为场域,以争夺景观资本为中心,以交换经济与政治资本为目的,使场域内的行动者形成了文人、社会教化者与商人3个方面取向的惯习,从而促成了无锡民国园林中多样的布局与风格。

During the Republic of China period,Wuxi pioneered the free opening of private gardens to the public,which is a highly representative epitome of modern Chinese garden history.The national bourgeoisie,as the owners of gardens,also built a complex social network with gardens.In order to study the power struggle behind the transformation of gardens,Bourdieu's concept of field is used for analysis,linking scattered and unsystematic historical materials that were previously overlooked.It was found that under the intersection of power,economy,and garden fields,the national bourgeoisie in Wuxi had a change in their self-awareness and adjusted their position in response to the situation then.As a field,the garden,with the competition for landscape capital as the center and the exchange economy and political capital as the purpose,has formed the habitus of the actors in the field in three aspects of literati,social educators,and businessmen,thus contributing to the diversified layout and style of the gardens in Wuxi during the Republic of China period.