我国公民医疗信息的刑法保护界限研究

Research on the Criminalization Boundary of Medical Information for Chinese Citizens

医疗信息的有效运用对提高医疗服务水平,促进民生福祉有重要作用。然而司法实践当中存在公民医疗信息刑法保护界限不清的问题,限制了医疗服务的发展空间。公民医疗信息的法益属性认定不当、权利人同意与公共利益阻却侵犯公民医疗信息违法的价值位阶不明、“两高司法解释”医疗信息划分方法不当致“情节严重”的判断因素含混不清,是公民医疗信息刑法保护界限不清的主要原因。公民医疗信息具有明确的个人自决权利属性,应是个人法益,而非超个人法益,这是认定刑法保护边界的前提。权利人同意阻却侵犯公民医疗信息违法虽具有正当法律依据,但当个人法益与公共利益出现冲突时,公共利益阻却侵犯公民医疗信息违法具有价值优位性。对“情节严重”的理解应当围绕医疗信息与个人法益之间的紧密程度予以展开,并以《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》的出台为背景,将公民医疗信息划分为敏感信息与一般信息。

The effective use of medical information plays an important role in improving medical services,maintaining people's health and well-being.However,in judicial practice,there is a problem of unclear boundaries for citizens to criminalize medical information,which limits the development space of medical services.The main reasons for the unclear boundaries of citizens'medical information crime are the improper identification of the legal interest attribute of citizens'medical information,the unclear value rank of the obligee's consent and the public interest to prevent the infringement of citizens'medical information violations,and the unclear judgment factors of"serious circumstances"caused by the improper division of medical information in the"two high judicial interpretation".Citizen medical information has a clear attribute of individual self-determination rights and should be a personal legal interest rather than a suprapersonal legal interest,which is a prerequisite for determining the protection boundary of criminal law.Although the right holder agrees to block the infringement of citizens'medical information,although there is a legitimate legal basis,when there is a conflict between personal legal interests and public interests,public interest blocking the infringement of citizens'medical information has value superiority.The understanding of'serious circumstances'should revolve around the degree of closeness between medical information and personal legal interests,and with the introduction of the Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China as the background,citizen medical information should be divided into sensitive information and general information.