晋唐时期吐鲁番地区麦类作物相关名实考辨与加工利用研究

The Study on the Processing and Utilization of Triticeae Crops in Turpan during the Jin and Tang Dynasties and Textual Research on the Relevant Terms from the Unearthed Document and Pottery

本文通过对阿斯塔那古墓群出土文书和陶器上与麦类作物加工产品相关名实的考辨,结合植物遗存等考古实物证据综合探讨了晋唐时期吐鲁番地区麦类作物的加工与利用状况。研究结果表明,文书中多次出现的“[麦弋]”应为麦类作物的谷壳,而“[麦乍]”为大麦颖果磨碎后的产品,主要用作喂养大牲口的精饲料。“麦饭”虽然可以用来指代熟食,但吐鲁番和敦煌文书中的相关记载更可能表示的是脱壳后的大麦颖果。出土陶器上的墨书文字“[麦备]”则与“[麦少]”含义相同,都指的是麦类作物制成的细碎干粮。此外,研究发现晋唐时期吐鲁番居民已经开始使用硙来磨制面粉,用罗来筛除麸皮,各种类型的饼等面食在其食物结构中占据重要地位,当地的麦类作物加工与利用水平与内地已相差无几。

We aim to make a textual research on the terms of Triticeae crop processing products from the unearthed document and pottery.In addition,combined with archaeological evidence,the processing and use of Triticeae crops in Turpan during the Jin and Tang dynasties were further discussed.The results indicated that"Yi"meant the husk of Triticeae crops and"Ze"referred to the product of milled Triticeae crops,which was mainly used as fine fodder for cattle and horse.Although"Maifan"can be used to refer to cooked food,it is more likely to represent hulled barley caryopsis in the Turpan and Dunhuang documents.The meaning of"Bei"on the pottery is the same with"Chao"in the document,which both refer to finely dry food made from Triticeae crops.In addition,this study demonstrated that Turpan people used mill to produce flour and"Luo"to screen out the bran and various types of cooked wheaten food played an important role in their diet during the Jin and Tang dynasties.All the above evidences showed that the processing and use level of Triticeae crops in Turpan has been comparable to the inland of China by this period of time.