论数据产权登记的制度构建

On the System Construction of Data Property Registration

数据产权登记制度是数据基础制度体系中的关键性制度,但由于全国统一的数据产权登记制度尚未建立,数据产权登记的功能与模式、机构与客体、法定效力等均面临法律困境。数据产权登记应当发挥数据资产确权、可信交易、担保融资以及数据监管等功能。基于制度成本考量,数据产权登记不宜采取被其他权利登记方式吸收的“并轨制”,而应当采取与之并行的“双轨制”。就具体制度而言,应当秉持系统统一、中立普惠的原则设立登记机构;登记机构的审查义务不必桎梏于实质审查或者形式审查,明确审查事项和审查程序更具实益;登记客体则以资产属性为确定标准。随着数据产权统一登记系统的建立,数据产权确权系统与数据权利担保系统可以合二为一,由此解决数据权利担保的公示问题。数据产权登记的法定效力以登记对抗主义为原则,在数据直接关涉公共利益时保留登记生效主义之例外。

The data property registration system is the key system in the data basic system,but the national unified data property registration system has not been established,and the local registration rules are complex and diverse.In practice,there are many problems such as different registration modes,scattered registration institutions,unclear registration objects and ambiguous registration effectiveness.Based on this,it is necessary to build a data property registration system theoretically.There are many differences between the data property rights registration system and the traditional property rights registration system,and the two are obviously different in function orientation and specific content.Herefore,the specific construction of data property rights registration system needs to conform to the characteristics of data and data market.The evolution process from data resources to data assets and then into data capital follows the logic of gradually accumulating and realizing the value of data assets,while data property rights registration runs through the whole process of realizing data resources,giving full play to the functions of data asset ownership confirmation,trusted transactions,guaranteed financing and data supervision,especially encouraging data property owners to actively disclose data information.It will help break the information barriers of data trading,form a fair trading market,and prevent and control trading risks.Based on the system design cost,registration cost and inquiry cost consideration,data property rights registration should not adopt the"parallel system"absorbed by other rights registration methods,but should adopt a parallel"dual-track system".As far as the specific system is concerned,registration agencies should be established in accordance with the principle of system unity,neutrality and universal benefit,and a unified national data property rights registration system should be built to separate data exchanges and data property rights registration agencies.The examination obligations of registration institutions need not be confined to substantive examination or formal examination,and it is more beneficial to clarify the examination matters and examination procedures.The object of registration should be determined by the asset attribute.Since the data resource asset catalog also has asset attribute,it can also be included in the scope of the object of registration.Data transactions cannot form sufficient public credibility through possession,and the creation of a credible environment needs to rely on the public credibility of the registration system with national mandatory force and national credit endorsement,and registration should be the only way to publicize data property rights.Data property registration should adopt data-based registration similar to asset-based registration.With the establishment of data property rights unified registration system,data property rights confirmation system and data rights guarantee system can be combined to solve the problem of publicity of data rights guarantee.In order to avoid undue interference in data liberalization and diversified transaction mode,the effectiveness of registration shall be determined according to the classification of the data and the degree of relevance of the data to the public interest.Specifically,free registration should be the principle,compulsory registration should be the exception,and its legal effect should be the principle of registration antagonism and the exception of registration validity.When the data belongs to the important data or the national core data,it should adopt the compulsory registration,and it is not effective without registration.For general data,it should adopt the doctrine of registration antagonism,and no third party shall be confronted without registration.