基于外泌体的纳米材料治疗肿瘤研究进展

Research Progress on Exosome-based Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment

外泌体(exosome)是指从细胞膜上脱落或由细胞分泌的双层膜结构的纳米级囊泡状小体,直径为40~150 nm,它可以包裹DNA、mRNA、microRNA、circRNA、蛋白质等。包括肿瘤细胞在内的几乎所有活细胞都能分泌外泌体,在细胞通信、信号转导、包裹递送、肿瘤治疗和诊断中均起关键作用。外泌体具有独特的生物学特性,优良的肿瘤归巢性和对递送药物靶向性使外泌体成为癌症诊断中极具吸引力标志物和有效的肿瘤治疗工具,因此,对外泌体作为纳米材料更全面的研究,必将加速其在治疗肿瘤的研究进展。总结了外泌体的靶向递送功能,以及外泌体在肿瘤诊断、免疫疗法、肿瘤微环境、药物耐药性等癌症治疗相关问题,期望对基于外泌体在肿瘤治疗中的开发和评估提供思考。

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicular structures with a diameter of 40-150 nm that are shed from the cell membrane or secreted by cells.They consist of a bilayer membrane and encapsulate various substances such as DNA,mRNA,microRNA,circRNA,and proteins.Almost all living cells,including tumor cells,can secrete exosomes,which play a critical role in cell communication,signal transduction,cargo delivery,tumor therapy,and diagnosis.The unique biological properties,preferential homing to tumors,and targeted drug delivery capabilities make exosomes attractive biomarkers and effective tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment.Therefore,comprehensive research on exosomes as nanomaterials will undoubtedly accelerate the progress of their application in cancer treatment.This article summarizes the targeted delivery function of exosomes and discusses their role in cancer diagnosis,immunotherapy,tumor microenvironment,and drug resistance.It is expected to provide insights into the development and evaluation of exosome-based tumor therapy.