论陀思妥耶夫斯基的欧洲观

Dostoevsky's Views on Europe and Russia-Europe's Relations

自早期作品如《彼得堡大事记》《俄国文学论丛》《冬天记的夏天印象》《地下室手记》等开始,陀思妥耶夫斯基已或多或少地论述俄国和欧洲的历史、展望其相互关系的前景、提出俄国需要推进步骤的愿景。经过其多部长篇小说中作为故事情节的人物观点的演变,直到他晚年时集中精力撰述的《作家日记》以及同时期的诸多书信,他的欧洲观在《普希金(演讲)》阶段大致固定。总体而言,他认为:俄国虽在地理上属于欧洲、与欧洲其他国家接壤或临近,但在文化特别是东正教方面却又迥然不同;欧洲不了解也不愿理解俄国,而俄国人却愿意主动成为欧洲人、俄国人几乎能够理解全世界和其他民族;俄国应该融入欧洲,但要摒弃于己不利的东西,尤其如拜金主义和虚无主义等;俄国可以也最终能够成为欧洲的指引者或领导者,陀思妥耶夫斯基对欧洲的看法,存在从抽象的膜拜到实际的失望、到再度回归乌托邦的发展总脉络,这也是其根基主义思想演变与确立的基础。考察和分析陀思妥耶夫斯基的欧洲观,还可为反观其俄国观提供特定的思想依据和参照立场,具有十分重要的思想史意义。

SnceseayworkssucnasThePetersburg Russian Literature,Winter Notes on Summer Impressions,Notes from Underground,etc.,Dostoevsky has more or less discussed the history of Russia and Europe,looked forward to the prospects of their mutual relationship,and proposed a vision for Russia to take further steps.Through the evolution of the character perspectives as storylines in his many great novels,until his later years when he focused on writing the private journal A Writer's Diary and many letters from the same period,his views on Europe and Russia-Europe's relations were roughly fixed in the stage of making a public speech on Pushkin in Moscow.Overall,he believes that although Russia belongs to Europe geographically,borders or is close to other European countries,its culture,especially Russian Orthodoxy,is vastly different;Europe does not understand and does not want to understand Russia,while Russians are willing to take the initiative to become Europeans.Russians can almost understand the world and other ethnic groups;Russia should integrate into Europe,but abandon things that are unfavorable to itself,especially mammonism,nihilism and so on.At last,Russia can and will eventually become a guide or leader in Europe.Dostoevsky's views on Europe have developed from abstract worship to virtual disappointment,and then to a return to utopia,which is also the basis for the evolution and establishment of his ideas of pochvennichestvo(noyBeHHyecTBo/Native-Soil-ism).Examining and analyzing Dostoevsky's views on Europe and Russia-Europe's relations can provide specific ideological basis and reference position for his view on Russia,which is of important significance of ideological history.