文化学家洛特曼及其俄罗斯文化重构实验

Lotman as a Culturologist and His Experience in the Reconstruction of Russian Culture

尤·米·洛特曼在文化理论和文化史领域建树颇丰。他基于文本学和符号学方法建立了一个有效模型来描述和解释俄罗斯文化的语义库(符号域)。他透过那些构成历史的创作先例来看待民族文化,从而为哲学和文化学研究开辟了新的可能性。洛特曼关于18世纪末到19世纪上半叶俄罗斯文化和文学领域的研究成果可以被视为一种理想的重构实验,他将作家的创作意识作为事件从而重绘民族文化的精神地图。通过分析文学文本及其诞生的历史背景,洛特曼重构了俄罗斯经典作家们的创作经历,并提出有趣的观点和有效的假设,澄清甚至改变了我们对创作经历和作品内容的看法。例如,他那部对卡拉姆津创作经历进行重构的长篇小说就是这种理想的重构实验之一。通过“解密”文本的方法,洛特曼将卡拉姆津的创作经历重构成一位俄罗斯作家、历史学家和思想家的精神道路,并将其看作道德和智力自我创造的历史。因此,作为文化学家的洛特曼把卡拉姆津的遗产重新带回到俄罗斯的历史现实中。通过重新阐释卡拉姆津、普希金、莱蒙托夫、果戈理等人的作品,洛特曼重新为当代读者打开了他们的文本,以突出其在形成俄罗斯文化的美学、道德和政治理想、以及精神和智性传统方面发挥的作用。

Lotman successfully worked in the field of cultural history and theory.Based on the textual and semiotic approach he proposed a productive model for the description and interpretation of Russian culture-its semantic thesaurus(semiosphere).His way of considering the national culture through the prism of creative precedents that make up its history offers new opportunities for philosophical and cultural studies.Lotman's works on the history of Russian culture and literature of the late 18th-first half of the 19th centuries are a kind of experience of ideal reconstruction that allows the scholar to reconstruct the mental map of national culture as an event of creative consciousness of its creators.Analyzing literary texts and the historical context of their emergence,Lotman reconstructs the events of the work of Russian writers of the classical era,putting forward interesting and productive considerations and hypotheses that clarify or even change our ideas about the nature of the creative process and the content of works.Such an experience of ideal reconstruction,for example,is his novelreconstruction of the creative experience of N.M.Karamzin.The method of"decoding"the text allows Lotman to reconstruct Karamzin's biography as the journey of the Russian writer,historian and thinker's soul,to see his work as a history of moral and intellectual self-creation.In doing so,Lotman,a cultural studies scholar,returns Karamzin's legacy to current Russian history.Reinterpreting the works of Karamzin,Pushkin,Lermontov,Gogol,Lotman rediscovers their texts for the modern reader,emphasizing their role in the formation of aesthetic,ethical,political ideals of Russian culture,its spiritual and intellectual tradition.