宁波崇实书院的创建:时间、旨趣与作用

The Establishment of Ningbo Chongshi Academy:Time,Purport and Function

崇实书院在光绪十四年(1888)九月中旬的建成,既是基于传播曾国藩“古文义法”的需要,也是薛福成取法阮元、讲求实学的产物,更难以排除薛福成有意引领宁波文化潮流的考量。薛福成以宁绍台道主政宁波期间,崇实书院虽仍服务于科举考试,却已截然不同于月湖书院、孝廉堂等旧式教育机构;在吴引孙继任宁绍台道后,则又明显转向保守。这一变动,不仅反映了书院主持者个人见识的高下,更折射出清政府的教育政策与人才培养观念在甲午战败后的大幅度倒退。崇实书院最重要的历史贡献,既不是作育人才,也并非其藏书理念之前卫,而是它对曾氏“古文义法”的弘扬,促成了桐城学说在宁波的广为流传。

The establishment of Chongshi Academy in the middle of September,14th of the Guangxu Dynasty was based on the need of spreading Zeng Guofan’s“ancient literal-meaning law”,and Xue Fucheng’s learning from Ruan Yuan to emphasize practical learning.It is hard to deny that the academy is also the manifestation of the Xue’s intention to lead the cultural trend of Ningbo.At that time,although Chongshi Academy was still serving for the imperial examinations,it was completely different from the old-style educational institutions such as Yuehu Academy and Xiaolian Academy.However,after Wu Yinsun succeeded as the governor of the region,Chongshi Academy showed an obvious conservative turn,which not only resulted from the personal knowledge and vision of the academy leaders,but also reflected the great regression of the educational policy and talent cultivation system of the Qing government after the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.The most important historical contribution of Chongshi Academy is neither the cultivation of talents nor the avant-garde concept of its collection of books,but its promotion of Zeng's“ancient literary meaning law”,which contributed to the wide spread of Tongcheng theory in Ningbo.