我国农业发展应走规模化还是社会化道路——基于斯密分工定理的讨论

Should China's Agricultural Development Take the Path of Scale or Socialization:Discussion Based on Smith's Theorem of the Division of Labor

从资本所有者的角度看,斯密分工定理中的“市场”是利润的来源,深化专业化分工的意义是降低产品生产的用工成本、增加利润,劳动者的就业不充分或失业问题不受关注。从我国乡村劳动者的角度看,“市场”的根本意义是就业机会和劳动收入的来源,“市场范围”的扩大应是就业机会的扩大;只有乡村劳动者的就业机会扩大,农业专业化分工才能不断深化,我国农业分工的历史演变脉络为此提供了事实说明。未来我国进一步深化农业专业化分工,需要在支持更多乡村劳动者实现稳定城市就业的同时,发展县域集聚经济以扩大乡村非农就业机会,使劳动者能够就近实现更充分的就业。

The traditional theory of division of labor with Smith's theorem as the core,implicitly assumes that workers do not face insufficient employment or unemployment.The meaning of“the extent of the market”is a source of capital owner's profits.The purpose of division of labor is to increase the profits obtained from the market.However,the scale of agricultural product market is relatively narrow,and there are a large number of rural workers in China who are underemployed and take agriculture as an important source of income.If we re-consider Smith's division of labor theorem and agricultural division of labor from the perspective of Chinese rural workers,the fundamental meaning of“the extent of the market”is employment opportunities and labor income source,the expansion of the market should be the expansion of employment opportunities.Only when rural workers obtain full non-agricultural employment opportunities so do not have to do the same work in limited land,can agricultural specialization be fully aehieved.In order to further deepen agricultural division of labor,China needs to facilitate more rural workers to achieve long-term employment in urban non-agricultural sectors,while developing county-level agglomeration economy to expand rural non-agricultural employment opportunities,then rural workers can achieve full employment in diversified jobs nearby.