服务与自营:农机技术采纳方式如何影响家庭劳动力配置——基于CFPS农户微观调查数据

Service and Self-operation:How Does the Adoption of Agricultural Machinery Affect Intra-household Labor Allocation Based on the CFPS Household Micro Data

本文基于中国家庭动态跟踪调查(CFPS)构建2014—2018年三期面板数据,应用固定效应和IV-2SLS模型研究了农机服务和农机自营对农户家庭劳动力配置和收入结构的影响,并分析了两种技术采纳方式背后的家庭特征差异,归纳出农机服务促进小农户生计多元化、农机自营促进生产专业化的主要特征。研究发现:(1)农户采纳农机服务会促使家庭劳动人口中纯农业劳动力转向兼业,该影响主要体现在非平原地区、全程机械化程度高的粮食品种产区以及农业生产自给程度较高的农户中,且受到土地规模的负向调节作用;而自购农机对家庭劳动力结构无显著影响。(2)农机服务通过促进劳动力结构调整提高家庭工资性收入,劳动配置起到完全中介作用;农机自营则主要通过农业专业化和规模化提高家庭农业经营收入。(3)倾向采纳农机服务的家庭土地规模较小、农产品消费不过度依赖自产,户主更多为女性,由于年龄和身体健康原因不适宜高强度农业劳动或专职经营农业,且户主教育程度较高、更规避风险。

Based on the China Family Panel Survey(CFPS),the paper applies fixed effect and IV-2SLS models to study the effects of farm machinery services and self-operation on rural intra-household labor allocation and income structure.We also analyze the differences in household characteristics between these two technology adoption methods.We find that agricultural machinery services diversify smallholder farmers'livelihoods and agricultural machinery self-operation promotes specialization of production.The findings indicate that services encourage the pure farming labor force to engage in part-time work.The effect is significant in non-plain areas,producing areas of grain varieties with a high degree of mechanization throughout the whole process and households with a high degree of agricultural self-sufficiency,and is negatively regulated by land scale.While purchasing machinery has no significant effect on labor structure.Social services improve wage income through labor structure adjustment,which plays a complete intermediary role.And self-operation mainly improves family agricultural income.Moreover,households that tend to adopt agricultural machinery services have smaller land scales and rely less on selfproduction for their agricultural consumption.The household heads are more often female or someone unsuitable for intensive agricultural labor or full-time farming due to age or health reasons,and they have higher levels of education and tend to be more risk-averse.