穆姜:易学第一女哲

Mu Jiang:The First Female Philosopher of Changes Scholarship

穆姜对《周易》哲学的贡献主要是“三个首创”:一是首创对“元亨利贞”的哲学诠释。《易传》照抄了穆姜的诠释,只是将“体之长”改为“善之长”、“嘉德”改为“嘉会”,朱熹则在继承穆姜之说的基础上发挥出宇宙论、本体论的理学思想。二是首创“四德”概念。此前的“四德”说与穆姜所说的“四德”并不相同,且与《周易》无关,更未能成为后来儒家哲学的基本观念。朱熹发展了穆姜的四德之说。穆姜的形上观念是神性的,其超越范式是“修身事天”;朱熹的形上观念是理性的,其超越范式是“以性僭天”。尽管朱熹以“智”取代穆姜之“固”,但二人的“德”观念是一以贯之的。三是首创“易不可诬”的原则“。《易》不可诬”就是“天不可欺”,即天帝之意是不可欺骗的“。《易》不可以占险”是对“《易》不可诬”的继承发展,二者的一致性在于“无德不告”,即不仁之人、不义之事,占问无效。穆姜对《易经》的诠释深刻地影响了《周易》哲学以及中国哲学的发展,堪称“易学第一女哲”。

Mu Jiang's contribution to the Yijing philosophy mainly lies in the“three innovations”:the first is the philosophical interpretation of“Yuan Heng Li Zhen”元亨利贞.Yi zhuan(Commentaries on the Changes)copied the interpretation of Mu Jiang,only changing“the origin of body”to“the origin of good”and“good virtue”to“assembly of good”.Zhu Xi(1130-1200),on the basis of what he inherited of Mu Jiang's commentary,developed his Neo-Confucian thought of cosmology and ontology.The second is to pioneer the concept of“Four Virtues”.The previous“Four Virtues”theory was not Mu Jiang's theory of“Four Virtues”actually and had nothing to do with the Book of Changes,let alone becoming a basic concept in later Confucian philosophy.Zhu Xi developed Mu Jiang's theory of Four Virtues.Mu Jiang's metaphysical concept is divine,and her transcendent paradigm is“cultivating oneself and serving heaven”;Zhu Xi's metaphysical concept is rational,and his transcendent paradigm is“transcending heaven with human nature”.Although Zhu Xi replaced Mu Jiang's“steadfastness”with“wisdom”,their concept of“virtue”remained consistent.The third is to pioneer the principle of“Yi brooks no deception”.“Yi brooks no deception”means“heaven cannot be deceived”,which is,the Heavenly Emperor cannot be deceived.“Yi cannot be used to make divination”is an inheritance and development of“Yi brooks no deception”.The consistency between the two lies in the principle of“not telling people without virtue”,that is,the divination is invalid for those who are not benevolent or unjust.Mu Jiang's interpretation of the Yijing has deeply influenced the development of Yijing philosophy and Chinese philosophy,making her the“first female philosopher of Changes scholarship”.