宗族社会的女性叙述与性别伦理--以漳州民间故事为例

Female Narrative and Gender Ethics in Patriarchal Society--A Case Study on the Folklore in Zhangzhou

漳州民间故事中的女性形象存在四种基本类型,即贞洁者与依附者、“神性”与“中性”之人、两性和悦相爱相长的女性、既定秩序的反叛者与反抗者。这些形象类型及其背后的多元性别意蕴表明,健全社会的两性关系,在男女尖锐的性别对抗的偶见现象之外,还存在稳定的走向相爱相长的基本模式。因为讲求关系和谐与宗族情感的中国传统社会,很难孕育出普遍化的性别对抗,而每一个故事文本中的性别伦理,都是由故事原语境中的性别意识、故事讲述者的性别观念、读者或听众持有的两性立场所“层累”而成的三元矩阵。民间故事中的性别对立在相当程度上是由后来的故事讲述者、听众自身所赋予的。更深入的研究要求我们摆脱狭隘的二元论性别对立思维,剖析故事在不同时代和不同故事生产者那里被不断建构、传播所铭刻其上的不同意义层级,进而形成基于中国社会形态与文化语境的故事阐释与文本分析模式。

There are four basic types of female images in Zhangzhou folk stories,namely,goddess and heroine with inconspicuous gender representation,chaste femalewith the externalization of male desire and emotion,attractive women who are in harmony with their spouses,and the"shrew","evil woman"or poor woman and rebel.These image types and the multi-gender implication behind them indicate that apart from the sharp gender confrontation between men and women,there is also a possible pattern towards love and mutual growth in healthy social gender relations.Because of the harmonious relationship and clan affection of the traditional Chinese society,it is difficult to breed the universal gen-der,and the gender ethics in every story text is a triple matrix formed by the gender consciousness in the original context of the story,the gender concept of the storyteller,and the gender position held by the reader or listener.The gender antag-onism in folk tales is to a considerable extent given by the later storytellers and listeners themselves.More in-depth re-search requires us to get rid of the narrow dualistic gender opposition thinking,analyze the different levels of meanings on which stories are constantly constructed and spread in different times and by different story producers,and then form the story interpretation and text analysis mode based on Chinese social form and cultural context.