维也纳的公共住宅:在建筑中实现的政策理念

Public Housing in Vienna:Policy Ideas Realized in Architecture

全球不同区域住宅产业有关的领域,受特定文化、社会、经济和政策环境的影响,设计、规划、类型和形态都差异巨大。住宅设计与建设的过程,一方面根据房地产经济的规则,另一方面也被视为公共事务。维也纳有着一百多年政府直接强烈参与住房市场和住房生产的历史。该市也是世界上公共住宅比例最高的城市之一,当前有超过60%的人口居住在政府所有或补贴建造的住宅中。维也纳市是欧洲最大的房东,拥有超过220,000套公共住房,并且管理着200,000套由市政补贴建设的公寓。因此维也纳市一直是欧洲建筑产量最高的城市之一,处于中高密度的状态,同时每一代社会住宅都成为住宅研究与创新的试验场。良好的建筑环境使该市连续十多年被评为世界最宜居城市。本文总结维也纳社会政策和住房设计之间的历史关系及其对当地现代住宅设计原则的影响。

The programming,typology and morphology in housing design differ widely worldwide and are a result of specific cultural,social,economic and policy environments.Housing design,but also the whole construction process can either follow the rules of private real estate economy or can be a seen as public matter in form of social housing.Vienna has continuous history of more than hundred years of strong direct government involvement in the housing market and housing production.The city has one of the world’s highest percentages of public housing.Today more than 60%of the population is living in government owned or subsidized flats.The City of Vienna is the largest landlord in Europe,owning more than 220,000 apartments,and administration another 200,000 flats built with municipal subsidies.The city of Vienna has consistently one of the highest building outputs in Europe,in a medium to high-density environment.At the same time each successive generation of residential buildings serve as a testing ground for innovation in housing research.The qualities of the built environment have resulted in the city being ranked the world’s most livable city for more than decade in a row.This paper follows the historical relationship between social policies and housing design in Vienna and its impact on current housing design principles.