孔子君子德性理论的构成研究

On the Constitution of Confucius’Theory of Gentleman’s Virtue

孔子学说是从“相近习远”的人性出发,以仁、礼、乐为核心范畴,以修仁习礼为路径,以中为路标,向上开出道德哲学,向下形成君子学说。孔子君子学说包括君子政治哲学和君子德性理论。其君子德性理论以修仁、中行、习礼为基本框架,以中正之道贯穿其中,并统摄仁、知、勇三德目和成仁的爱人精神、得知的有限理性精神和能勇的笃行精神。君子践履德必遵恕、推己及人、无伤害三大道德原则和“己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人”的美德原则。其日常方式是学而修己成人:学而修己,是成仁懂礼,做到恭、宽、信、敏、惠;学而成人,必慎言其行和“先事后得”,做到温、良、恭、敬、俭、让。统合二者的日常操守是自由、知耻、权责有界和崇德有止。

Confucius’theory of gentleman’s virtue starts from the human nature of“close learning far”,takes benevolence,rites and music as the core category,takes cultivation of benevolence,practice and practice as the basic framework,and runs through it with the path of middle and right,and regulates the three virtues of benevolence,knowledge and courage,the spirit of loving people and the spirit of knowing limited rationality and the spirit of being able to act bravely.The three moral principles of a gentleman who practices virtue are forgiveness,self-righteousness,and no harm,and the virtue principle of“self-righteousness and self-righteousness”,the daily way is to learn and cultivate oneself as an adult:learn and cultivate oneself,is to become benevolence and understand etiquette,to be respectful,wide,trustworthy,sensitive,and beneficial;to learn and become an adult,we must be“careful in words and actions”and“first and after”,so as to be warm,good,respectful,respectful,thrifty,and let go.The daily ethics that unite the two are freedom,knowledge of shame,limitation of power and responsibility,and limitation of worship and virtue.