冷战视野下1960年美国黑人入座运动及其影响

The Albany Movement in 1960 and its Influence from the Perspective of Cold War

1960年,非洲掀起民族独立浪潮,17个国家摆脱了白人的殖民统治,而自诩为“自由世界领袖”的美国,在废除种族隔离上却步履蹒跚。这种强烈的反差刺激美国黑人创新斗争方式。1960年,4名黑人大学生在北卡罗来纳州格林斯博罗市发起入座运动,抵制午餐柜台的种族隔离。该运动迅速发展到其他南部州,把斗争目标扩大到所有的公共场所。其发展规模之大、持续时间之长、席卷城市之多、涉及领域之广,远超之前的民权斗争。入座运动吸引了广大黑人和白人大学生,他们取代职业民权活动家,成为民权运动的主要参与者,并把被捕入狱的斗争经历看作是一种荣誉。入座运动推动民权运动从法庭斗争转向大规模非暴力直接行动。它重塑了民权运动,标志着民权运动高潮的到来。

In 1960,a wave of national independence swept across Africa,and 17 countries were freed from colonial rule by the white man.However,the United States,which claimed to be the“leader of the free world”,was stumbling towards the abolition of racial segregation.This sharp contrast irritated African Americans to change their ways of struggle.In 1960,four black college students launched the Albany Movement in Greensboro,North Carolina,to boycott racial segregation at lunch counters.The movement quickly spread to other southern states,expanding the struggle to all public places.It grew far larger,lasted longer,involved more cities,and covered a wider range of areas than previous civil rights struggles.The movement attracted a large number of black and white college students,who replaced professional civil rights activists and became the main participants in the civil rights movement.They regarded the struggle experience of being arrested and imprisoned as an honor.The Albany Movement pushed the civil rights movement from courtroom struggles to large-scale nonviolent direct actions.It reshaped the civil rights movement and marked the climax of the civil rights movement.