生物质颗粒燃料取暖的环境健康效益及经济成本分析

Environmental Health Benefits and Cost Analysis of Using Biomass Pellets for Space Heating

清洁取暖是解决区域空气污染,提升居民生活质量的重要举措。充分考虑不同地区资源禀赋和社会经济发展条件差异,实施因地制宜的清洁取暖政策,发挥生物质资源碳中性优势,在适宜的地区开展生物质清洁取暖有望取得减污降碳协同增效,但目前缺乏相关实证研究。针对生物质清洁取暖,开展了实地监测与问卷调查,量化评估了其环境健康效益和经济可行性。研究表明,研究地区农村进行生物质颗粒取暖改造后,取暖能源的利用效率显著上升,冬季室内温度更适宜,而室内PM_(2.5)污染水平中位数为74μg∙m^(−3),相较未改造下降了25%,而由于室内排放的细颗粒物减少,环境污染物浓度也有所降低。尽管生物质颗粒燃料的单位质量热值普遍小于散煤,燃料使用量相较改造前有所上升,但由于生物质颗粒燃料PM_(2.5)的排放因子显著低于散煤,且炉灶改造后燃料利用率上升,改造后取暖燃烧过程中直接排放的PM_(2.5)相较改造前降低了54%。除PM_(2.5)外,二氧化碳与其他污染物排放也下降了3%-37%。根据模拟结果,进行取暖改造后,平均每年每户家庭取暖活动可减少约3 kg的初级PM_(2.5)排放与37 kg的CO_(2)排放,有效支持了清洁取暖政策与减污降碳战略。根据经济可行性分析,改造后农户取暖成本并未增加,相较“煤改电”或“煤改气”路径,研究地区进行生物质颗粒取暖具有更高的可行性,对政府与农村居民的负担较低。综上,根据实地资源禀赋推广生物质清洁取暖可取得显著的环境效益和气候效益,且具有较高的经济可行性。

Clean heating is a crucial pathway for addressing air pollution and enhancing residents'quality of life.It directly affects people’s lives and is a significant measure for combating climate change and achieving development goals.Considering the differences in regional resource endowments and socioeconomic conditions,implementing tailored clean heating policies that leverage the carbonneutral advantage of biomass resources holds promise for a synergistic reduction in carbon emissions and pollution in suitable areas.However,the empirical evidence on this issue is limited.In this study,on-site monitoring and questionnaire surveys were conducted to quantify the environmental and economic benefits of clean biomass heating.The study found that in rural areas,where biomass pellet heating transformations were implemented,there were significant increases in the efficiency of heating energy utilization,leading to a comfortable warm indoor environment.The median indoor PM_(2.5) pollution level was 74μg∙m^(−3),which was 25%lower than the pretransformation levels,resulting from reduced indoor emissions.Despite the lower heating values in biomass pellets compared to raw coals,which would cause a slight increase in the consumption of heating fuels,owing to significantly lower PM_(2.5) emission factors and higher heating transfer efficiency,there was a 54%reduction in the primary PM_(2.5) emissions after the intervention.In addition to PM_(2.5),CO_(2) and other pollutant emissions have decreased by 3%−37%.According to the simulation results,the change can reduce approximately 3 kg of primary PM_(2.5) emissions and 37 kg of CO_(2) emissions per household annually,effectively supporting clean heating policies and pollution reduction strategies.Economically,heating costs for post-transformation households did not increase.Compared with the“coal-to-electricity”or“coal-to-gas”options,biomass pellets for heating in the study area presented higher feasibility with lower burdens on both the government and rural residents.Ultimately,the promotion of clean biomass heating that effectively utilizes local resources leads to significant environmental advantages and climate benefits while also demonstrating greater economic feasibility.