宪法原则的理论澄清、识别方式和运用模式

Theoretical Clarification,Identification Methods,and Application Modes of Constitutional Principles

随着宪法权威的强化,“宪法基本原则”、“宪法原则”等概念在立法中逐渐普及,进而成为合宪性审查或者司法适用的依据。之所以宪法领域存在泛化使用原则的倾向,原因在于存在着原理论、地位论和解释论的不同认知视角。宪法原则和政策、价值虽然有相通之处,但其具有相对独立性。宪法原则是指具有公认的、普遍性的宪法观念,在数量上是有限的,在内涵上是稳定的,可以视其为一种独立的宪法解释依据。宪法原则可以通过显性和隐性两种方式进行识别,表现为宪法母原则与宪法子原则、宪法原则与部门法原则等不同原则类型,从而形成一张彼此影响制约的宪法原则网络。借鉴原则理论对原则与规则之间关系的结构认识,宪法原则的运用存在权衡方式、选择方式、协调方式和填补方式等四种模式。

With the strengthening of constitutional authority,concepts such as“fundamental constitutional principles”and“constitutional principles”have gradually become popular in legislation,becoming the basis for constitutional review or judicial application.The tendency to generalize the use of principles in the constitutional field is due to different cognitive perspectives such as prototheory,status theory,and interpretation theory.Although constitutional principles share similarities with policies and values,they possess relative independence.Constitutional principles refer to universally recognized constitutional concepts that are limited in quantity and stable in content.They can be considered as an independent basis for constitutional interpretation.Constitutional principles can be identified through explicit and implicit means,manifesting as different types of principles such as constitutional parent principles,constitutional sub-principles,and sectoral legal principles,thereby forming a network of constitutional principles that influence and constrain each other.Drawing on principle theory for understanding the relationship between principles and rules,the application of constitutional principles involves four modes:balancing,selection,coordination,and supplementation.