突发生态环境事件应急处置费用请求权及其实现

The Right to Claim Emergency Response Costs for Ecological and Environmental Incidents and Its Realization

在对突发生态环境事件进行应急处置时,政府代表国家独立履行保护生态环境的宪法义务,不受侵权人是否存在或明确、侵权人是否具备履行能力或履行意愿等因素制约。除非法律作出特别规定,政府通常只能基于不当得利请求权向侵权人追偿应急处置费用。被侵权人超越救济民事权益的必要范围支出应急处置费用的,代位取得不特定第三人对侵权人享有的应急处置费用请求权。实际支出者不属于应急处置事务归属主体的,可以根据无因管理请求权、委托合同请求权或者不当得利请求权向侵权人追偿应急处置费用。应急处置费用请求权独立于生态环境公益侵权请求权,理应由实际支出者直接向侵权人行使。为降低求偿成本、应对懈怠索赔、避免矛盾裁判、提高司法效益,立法机关可以采用牵连管辖、合并审理、诉讼中止、诉讼担当、诉讼信托等方式,妥善协调应急处置费用追偿诉讼与生态环境保护民事公益诉讼之间的关系。

In the emergency disposal of sudden ecological environmental incidents,the government shall independently fulfill its constitutional obligation to protect the ecological environment on behalf of the State,and shall not be restricted by factors such as whether the infringer exists or is definite,and whether the infringer has the ability or willingness to perform its obligations.Unless otherwise specified by law,the government can usually only recover expenses for emergency disposal from the infringer based on the claim for unjust enrichment.If the infringed expends expenses for emergency disposal beyond the necessary scope of the civil remedial rights and interests,it shall obtain the right of claim for expenses for emergency disposal that is enjoyed by an unspecified third party against the infringer by subrogation.If the actual payer is not the subject having the jurisdiction over emergency disposal matters,it may recover the expenses for emergency disposal from the infringer based on the claim for negotiorum gestio,entrustment contract or unjust enrichment.The right to claim of expenses for emergency disposal is independent of the right to claim for public interest infringement of ecological environment,and should be exercised by the actual payer directly against the infringer.In order to reduce the cost of claiming,respond to passive claims,avoid contradictory rulings and improve the judicial efficiency,legislatures may adopt such methods as jurisdiction over related cases,joint hearing,stay of action,litigation undertaking and litigation trust to properly coordinate the relationship between the litigation for the recovery of expenses for emergency disposal and the civil public interest litigation for ecological environmental protection.