由“巫”向“师”:早期中国教师身份演化谱系探微

From “Witch” to “Teacher”: The Genealogical Studyon the Evolution of Teacher Identity in Early China

巫作为最早的知识人,对古今中国“师”的社会身份与角色认知产生了深刻影响。从“巫者掌学”到“乐者为师”,再到以孔子为代表的儒士群体的兴起,师的早期演进历程中始终掺杂着巫的痕迹,是巫受理性洗礼后不断“祛魅”的结果。巫兴起于初民社会,以先知为主体位格,以内向超越为伦理规范,以实用至上为生存要义,由“巫”向“师”的过程实现了两者浅层社会身份上的分离,却掩盖了“师”与“巫”在深层心理结构上的联结,后者事实上形塑了中国社会从古到今对于教师的独特理解,也是中华文明独特性的特殊彰显。

As the earliest intellectuals,wizards have had a profound impact on the social identity and role perception of“teachers”in ancient and modern China.From“sorcerers in charge of learning”to“musicians as teachers”,and then to the rise of Confucian scholars represented by Confucius,the early evolution of teachers has always been mixed with the roles of shamans.“Disenchantment”results.Wizards emerged in early civilized society,with prophets as the main personality,introversion and transcendence as the ethical norms,and the supremacy of practicality as the essence of survival.It conceals the connection between“teacher”and“wizard”in the deep psychological structure.The latter has shaped the unique understanding of teachers in Chinese society from ancient times to the present and is also a special manifestation of the uniqueness of Chinese civilization.