当代中国人权的制度进路

Institutional Approach of Contemporary Chinese Human Rights

当代中国人权虽因外来刺激而起,但却是基于“中国性”而内生规范逻辑、独辟制度进路。其取道经世致用而非抽象思辨,超越个人本位与群体本位对立,以“全体”活化、支撑、强化“个体”,从而达致“群之善”与“己之善”的平等并立以及对“全体”与“个体”面向利益的平等保护。当代中国的民生-民权型人权,以社会主义平等的自由为原则,以民生权利为优先,以人民民主为基石。在制度进路上,当代中国人权既体现为“客观利益积极促进”与“主观权利司法救济”双规范体系并行,又体现为积极义务与消极义务、国家义务与非国家主体义务、制度性义务与非制度性义务并重。此进路之形成是群体本位文化传统“先天约束”、近现代历史实践“自我强化”、现实中行动者选择偏好“稳定均衡”共同作用的结果。

Although the development of contemporary Chinese human rights was motivated by imported factors,its special institutional approach is based on“Chineseness”and endogenous normative logic.Contemporary Chinese human rights have methodological roots in pragmatism rather than abstract analysis;they have transcended the Opposition between Individual and Group standard;they vitalize,support and strengthen“individuals”with“all”;they have achieved the parallelization of the“common good”and“individual good”and the equal protection of the all-oriented interests and the individual-oriented interests.Contemporary Chinese human rights,in the livelihood-and-rights mode,are based on the socialist principle of equal freedom,prioritize people's livelihood,and are founded on people's democracy.There is a parallel operation of the dual normative systems of“active enhancement of objective interests”and“judicial remedy of subjective rights”.Moreover,there is a parallelization of passive obligations and active obligations,of state obligations and non-state obligations,and of institutional obligations and non-institutional obligations.The Institutional approach is the fruits of the combination of the“innate restraints”imposed by the cultural tradition of collectivism,the“self-strengthening”gained in modern historical practice,and the“stability and balance”pursued in actors'choices and preferences in real life.