马克思主义人权与公民权对西方传统契约理论的超越

Transcending Western Traditional Contract Theory:Marxist Perspectives on Human Rights and Civil Rights

人权、公民权是理解马克思现代史观的核心线索,也是现代国家中仍需关注的法理与现实问题。在西方主流社会契约理论中,人权是一种“自然权利”,以天赋的“自由”“平等”等道德权利为主要内涵。随着现代政治下代议制的出现,以选举权、被选举权、财产权等为内涵的公民权诞生。马克思以现实中的“人”作为政治共同体的基本单位,以个体生存自由的实现作为人的解放的第一要义,构成其人权的核心意涵。而基于对现实中共同体虚幻性的认识,有关公民权的法理探讨在马克思的理论图景中被边缘化。人权与公民权的概念落于市民社会的真实场域,并最终在“自由人联合体”中完成了真正的“人”的个体性与社会性的内在统一,实现了对西方社会契约论的多重超越。

Human rights and civil rights are the core clues for understanding Marx's modern historical perspective and remain the focal points of legal and practical concerns in modern nation-states.Within the mainstream Western social contract theory,human rights are considered"natural rights""with moral principles such as"freedom"and"equality"as their primary connotations.With the emergence of representative system in modern politics,civil rights,encompassing rights such as suffrage,eligibility for election,and property rights,came into being.Taking the individual"human"as the fundamental unit of the political community,Marx prioritized the realization of individual freedom for human emancipation,and formed the core essence of his concept of human rights.However,due to an understanding of the illusory nature of the community in reality,the legal principle of civil rights was marginalized within Marx's theoretical framework.Consequently,the concepts of human rights and civil rights found their place in the actual domain of civil society and eventually achieved a genuine synthesis of individuality and sociality within the"union of free individuals",surpassing the confines of Western social contract theory.