历史、纪念与记忆中的革命

The Revolution in History,Commemoration,and Memory

法国大革命的激烈程度远超出了其特定历史的时间范围。由于它对社会和政治现实提出了质疑,革命“事件”一直是辩论的主题,这促使其遗产在法国内外的更新和扩展。无论是过去还是现在,很少有历史事件能够如此生机勃勃地延续至今且显示出持续的现实意义。从一开始便持续关注大革命的历史编纂学是这种永恒纪念的载体之一,此外还有许多其他渠道。因此,从1889年开始,出现了各种纪念活动,而1939年和1989年的纪念活动也引发了诸多论战和争论,敦促人们反思革命遗产的特性。最后,从1789年至今,对大革命的记忆也同样表现为对其成就的崇拜者和毁者之间的激烈对立,从文字到静态或动态图像,以及歌曲和演讲等媒介都表现出了具有象征性的活力。基于上述原因,法国大革命远非一个冷冰冰、毫无生气的实体,它是一个历史“时刻”,其痕迹至今仍环绕着我们,而对它的记忆则通过争论不断更新的问题而得以延续。

The French Revolution was fought with an intensity that has enabled it to extend well beyond the chronological limits of its particular history.Few historical events past or present can boast a presence which is so dynamic that it has endured ever since,thus revealing its continuing relevance.The historiography that seized upon the Revolution from its beginnings was one of the vectors of this perpetual memorialization,assisted by many other conduits.Thus the various commemorations that,from the first centenary in 1889,celebrated the event in 1939 and 1989 also gave rise to polemics and controversies that encouraged reflection on its character as heritage.Finally,memory of the Revolution from 1789 to the present day has similarly distinguished itself by the fervent opposition between admirers and detractors of its achievements in a symbolic effervescence expressed in media ranging from literature to still or moving images.