边界、流动与控制:清代水师的缉盗困境及其调适

Boundaries,Mobility and Control:The Dilemma and Adjustment of Navy in Suppressing Piracy in the Qing Dynasty

清前期,国家通过一系列海域勘界活动,建立起一套以海界划分为内核的海洋控御体系,以控制海盗的自由流动,实现对流动人群乃至中国近海海域的绝对控制。然而,从海疆治理实践来看,海界愈分愈细,分散了沿海水师的机动作战力量,加剧了其在统筹行动、跨辖区合作等方面的困难。与此同时,随着海界的固定,水师营汛之间形成了根深蒂固的畛域之见,海洋缉盗的以邻为壑现象日趋严重。面对水师缉盗的结构性困境,清中期以降,清政府试图对原有的海洋控御体系进行调整,包括加强对水师越界缉盗行动的引导、试行跨界巡哨制度、筹建独立的专业化水师,努力突破海界的束缚。陆地国家治理体制与具有高度流动性的海洋社会之间的矛盾,是清代海洋缉盗陷入困境的深刻症结。

In the early Qing Dynasty,China established a set of maritime control system centered on demarcating sea boundaries to restrict the free movement of pirates and achieve absolute control over mobile populations and coastal waters.However,in practice,the increasingly detailed demarcation of sea boundaries dispersed the operational capabilities of the coastal navy,exacerbating difficulties in coordinated actions and cross-jurisdictional cooperation.Simultaneously,as these boundaries became more fixed,entrenched territorial views developed between naval garrisons,leading to a worsening phenomenon of neighboring regions shirking responsibilities in maritime anti-piracy efforts.Facing these challenges in naval anti-piracy operations,the mid-Qing government attempted to adjust the existing maritime control system.This included guiding naval forces in cross-boundary anti-piracy actions,implementing a cross-boundary patrol system,and establishing independent specialized naval units to overcome the constraints of sea boundaries.The deep-rooted conflict between the terrestrial governance system and the highly mobile maritime society was a fundamental issue causing the maritime anti-piracy efforts to falter in the Qing Dynasty.