从破解“知识之谜”到主动译介:北欧的中国文学翻译演进历程

From Deciphering the“Mystery of Knowledge”to Proactive Introduction:The Evolution of Chinese Literature Translation in the Nordic Region

在北欧地区,随着传统汉学从语言学、哲学转向对当代经济、政治、宗教、文化、文学的全方位研究,中国文学翻译已逐渐成为一种汉学研究的新形态,对提升中国文化的影响力和中国文学的世界声誉发挥了重要作用。历时地看,北欧对中国文学的翻译演进大致经历了三个阶段。第一阶段为20世纪70年代之前的翻译。这一阶段以传教士群体对先秦散文翻译为主,其目的在于探索中国文化“知识之谜”。第二个阶段是20世纪后30年的翻译。在汉学转型背景下,中国文学作品翻译成为“文化的相互渗透”的重要方式,出现了马悦然等倾力翻译中国文学的大师。第三阶段是新世纪以来的翻译。这一阶段的显著特点是古典与现代文学翻译并重,翻译模式更为商业化,译者与出版社合作主动推介中国文学作品。从社会学视角看,汉学大师的引领、汉学家个体的研究兴趣,以及中国社会的发展变革共同塑造了北欧中国文学翻译的“场域”。

In the Nordic region,as traditional Sinology has shifted from linguistics and philosophy to comprehensive studies of contemporary China’s economics,politics,religion,culture and literature,the translation of Chinese literature has gradually become a new form of Sinology,playing an important role in enhancing the global reputation of Chinese literature.Diachronically,the translation of Chinese literature in the Nordic region has roughly undergone three stages.The first stage occurred before the 1970s,featuring missionaries’translation of the pre-Qin essays,aiming to explore the“mystery of knowledge”in Chinese culture;the second took place in the 1970s onwards,against the backdrop of sinological transformation,where the translation of Chinese literary works by renowned translators like Göran Malmqvist became an important means of“cultural interpenetration”;and the third began in the 21st century,emphasizing both classical and modern literary translations,with a more commercialized translation model and a notable feature of the proactive introduction of Chinese literary works by translators in collaboration with publishing houses.From a sociological perspective,the influence of sinological masters,the interests of individual sinologists,the research trends of world Sinology and the development of Chinese society collectively shape the“field”of Chinese literary translation in the Nordic region.