军户家族的历史书写、身份变迁与地方志的文本形塑——以明清洮州宋氏家族为中心的考察

Historical Writing,Identity Transformation of Military Households,and Textual Shaping of Chorography:A Study on the Song Family of Taozhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

军户是明代卫所制度的重要组成部分,也是一个特殊的社会阶层。作为军户家族,明初,宋氏先祖通过建立军功从旗军进入到世袭武官行列,至成化十九年(1483)擢升洮州卫指挥佥事而成为当地的顶级军户家族,并以嫡子继承制承袭世职直至明末。被宋氏后人纳入家谱的“武职世次”应是其家族武职袭替记录的手抄副本,即《武职选簿》缺载的《洮州卫选簿》的组成部分。明清易代,宋氏因武职停袭而转型走上读书修文之路,数百年间产生过生员、士绅、贡生与举人等人物,并与当地其他文化世家联系密切,转变成为区域文化精英家族,家族中重要人物更是被塑造为“城隍神”,到光绪年间地方官员编修志书时将其家谱的“武职世次”和“宋城隍”传说故事尽收其中。审视其书写逻辑,家谱的主体部分作为一种文本,经历了从官府档案到民间文献,再由民间家族事迹的书写回归到官方书写体系的转变,而这种民间私人文献与地方口头历史最终通过志书文本得以形塑,使宋氏的家族史在更大范围内客体化,成为区域内的社会共识与公共知识,影响了区域历史记忆与社会记忆的形成。

Military households were a crucial component of the Garrison system and a unique social class during the Ming Dynasty.In the early Ming,the Song family ancestors rose out of their military exploits to be hereditary military officers from the Banner troops.In the 19th year of the Chenghua period(1483),one of them was promoted to be the military commander of Taozhou Garrison,and the family became a top local military household.This position was hereditary through primogeniture till the end of Ming.It is inferred that the Hereditary Order of the Military Position included in the Song family genealogy is a manuscript of the record of this position’s succession as part of the missing Taozhou Garrison Selected Records of the Military Position Selected Records.During the Qing Dynasty,the succession was discontinued and the family began to pursue scholarly careers.Over centuries,many of its members became scholars after county and provincial level examinations,gentry and tribute students.Closely interacting with other local scholarly families,it transformed into a regional elite scholarly family,and a prominent member was even deified as God of the Garrison Temple.In Emperor Guangxu’s reign,the Hereditary Order of the Military Position and the legends of Garrison Temple God Song written in their genealogy were collected into the chorography compiled by the officials.In terms of the writing logic,these texts as the main body of the genealogy transformed from official archives to folk literature,and then from the family records back to the official writing system.Ultimately shaped through local chorography,these private folk literature and local oral history objectified the Song family’s history in a broader range and became a local social consensus and public knowledge,which influenced the formation of local historical and social memory.