中小学教师工作负担过重:问题识别、制度根源与治理方略

The Excessive Workload of Primary and Secondary School Teachers:Problem Identification,Institutional Roots and Solutions

中小学教师工作负担过重是因教师工作量过大、教师资源错误配置和违背教师工作意愿而导致的一种不合法、不合理、不合情的教师管理现象。从合法性、合理性、合情性三个标准考察,我国中小学教师负担过重问题具有普遍性、复杂性、风险大等特征,需要引起各级政府和全社会的高度重视。造成中小学教师工作负担普遍偏重的根本原因在于制度缺失,如教师相关法律制度缺失、教师管理行政化、学校管理机制僵化、教育改革的强制性等。治理中小学教师工作负担过重,需要从国家层面、学校管理层面及教师自身层面进行综合治理:加强顶层治理,完善教师劳动权利保护相关法律体系;严格源头治理,多方协同减少教师非教育性事务;探索精准治理,建立教师工作负担清单管理制度;优化系统治理,建构刚柔相济的教师管理制度;创新校本管理,建立赋能增效的教师支持体系。

The excessive workload of primary and secondary school teachers is an illegal,irrational,and unreasonable management phenomenon caused by excessive work volume,incorrect allocation of teacher resources,and violation of teachers'work intentions.From the perspectives of legality,rationality and sensibility,the problem of excessive workload for primary and secondary school teachers in China is characterized by universality,complexity and high risk,requiring high attention from governments at all levels and the whole society.The fundamental reason for the prevalence of excessive workload for primary and secondary school teachers lies in institutional deficiencies,such as the lack of relevant laws and regulations for teachers,administration-oriented management of teachers,rigid school management mechanisms and the coerciveness of educational reforms.To address this issue,comprehensive governance needs to be carried out at the national level,school management level and teacher self-level:strengthening top-level governance,improving the legal system related to the protection of teachers'labor rights;implementing strict source governance,multi-party collaboration to reduce non-educational tasks for teachers;exploring targeted governance,establishing a system for managing teachers'workload;optimizing system governance,constructing a flexible teacher management system;innovating school-based management,establishing an empowering and efficient teacher support system.