高校招生公平的美国制度变革——美国高校平权行动的缘起、废止及影响

American Institutional Change in Colleges and Universities Admissions:The Origin,Abolition,and Impact of Affirmative Action in the United States Colleges and Universities

美国平权法案对高校招生制度产生深远影响,引发了高校平权行动。实施近半个世纪后,美国联邦最高法院裁决废止平权行动,引发国际社会高度关注。美国高校基于国家利益开展平权行动,综合种族在内的多因素招生,以学生群体多样性为行动目标,将种族因素作为录取学生的加分项。平权行动在推进过程中形成了反对歧视与逆向歧视、个体平等与群体平等、机会平等与结果平等的法理讨论与价值冲突。平权行动废止在美国产生严重分歧,反对者认为其违背公平理念,加重种族隔离,影响国家安全;赞同者认为其遵守宪法公平原则,消解种族不平等,破除种族刻板影响。未来,美国高校招生公平改革将重在重塑公平价值理念,重构多元招生格局,重调卓越教育机会,优化黑人高校发展。

The U.S.Affirmative Action Act has had a profound impact on the colleges and universities admission system and triggered affirmative action in colleges and universities.Nearly half a century after its implementation,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled to repeal affirmative action,which triggered a great deal of attention from the international community.American colleges and universities carry out affirmative action based on national interests,integrating race and other factors in admissions.It has the diversity of the student body as the goal of the action,and the racial factor is used as a plus point for the admission of students.In the process of promotion,the legal discussion and value conflict between anti-discrimination and reverse discrimination,individual equality and group equality,and equal opportunity and equal outcome have been formed.Affirmative action abolition in the United States has produced serious differences.Opponents believe that it violates the concept of fairness,aggravates racial segregation,and affects national security;those in favor of the principle of fairness to comply with the Constitution,dissolve racial inequality,and break the impact of racial stereotypes.In the future,the reform of admissions equity in American colleges and universities willfocus on reshaping the concept of fairness value,reconfiguring the pattern of multiple admissions,redeploying the opportunities for educational excellence,and optimizing the development of black colleges and universities.