麦积山早期洞窟年代与“大凉州石窟”

Dating of the Early-period Grottos at Maijishan and the "Great Liangzhou Grottoes"

以第74、78窟为代表的麦积山早期洞窟年代上限可以到十六国晚期,下限在北魏洛阳时代之前。这些早期洞窟与河西石窟连为一体,可统称为“大凉州石窟”,其来源近为新疆,远则中亚乃至印度。“大凉州石窟”并无鲜明统一特征,而以各地各具特色为主,其形成背景在于各地对东来佛教艺术的自由吸收和发挥,这与十六国时期的历史特性相符。与以往认识不同,本文认为麦积山早期洞窟影响了云冈石窟。包括麦积山早期洞窟在内的“大凉州石窟”曾影响到云冈,但不限于云冈,这个认识对于理解东部地区石窟具有重要的意义。

The early-period caves at Maijishan,represented by Caves 74 and 78,can be dated back to the late Sixteen Kingdoms period,with their latest dates before the Luoyang era of the Northern Wei Dynasty.These early caves are interconnected with the Hexi caves and can collectively be referred to as the"Greater Liangzhou Caves".Places of their origins are as close as Xinjiang or as distant as Central Asia and even India.The"Greater Liangzhou Caves"do not exhibit a unified characteristic but rather feature distinct traits unique to each region,reflecting the free absorption and expression of Buddhist art introduced from the East.This aligns with the historical characteristics of the Sixteen Kingdoms period.Contrary to previous understanding,this article posits that the early-period caves at Maijishan influenced the Yungang Grottoes.The"Greater Liangzhou Caves",including the early Maijishan caves,influenced Yungang and beyond,which is significant for understanding the development of cave art in the eastern regions.