激光粉末床熔融制备高强钢的研究进展与展望

Research progress and prospects of high-strength steel prepared by laser powder bed fusion

高强度钢是一种具有高强度、高韧性等多种综合优异性能的钢材。根据合金元素含量不同,可以区分为低合金高强钢、中合金高强钢和高合金高强钢,并根据其不同的元素和组织强化机制,以不锈钢、高速钢、工具钢等钢种广泛应用于汽车、建筑、航天航空等领域。伴随着高强钢零件复杂结构的需求增大,以及传统零件生产流程繁杂冗长等弊端日益明显,能短流程直接成形复杂零件的生产制造技术正急需被研究应用。增材制造(additive manufacturing, AM)技术生产的金属具有更细小的晶粒、可控性更高的基体相、组织分布更加均匀、碳化物更细小且AM能直接成形复杂零件并大幅缩短工艺流程,有望满足更高的力学性能和日趋复杂的结构需求。从高强钢的基本特征入手,分析了传统制造下高强钢的微观组织、力学性能及强化机制。然后分析了增材制造技术特点,重点论述了激光粉末床熔融技术(laser powder bed fusion, L-PBF)生产高强钢的微观组织与力学性能,针对其内部的强化机理做出了系统的阐述,对传统制造高强钢的微观组织和力学性能较L-PBF制造的高强钢作了归纳与系统对比。其次关注了高强钢在增材制造领域的实际应用和部分研究成果,对高强钢增材制造的未来发展做出了展望,以期有助于高强钢在增材制造领域的进一步应用及工业化推广。

High-strength steel is a kind of steel with various comprehensive excellent properties such as high strength and high toughness.According to the content of alloy elements,it can be divided into low-alloy high-strength steel,medium-alloy high-strength steel and high-alloy high-strength steel.According to its different Elements and organizational strengthening mechanisms are widely used in fields such as automobiles,construction,aerospace,etc.with stainless steel,high-speed steel,and tool steel.As the demand for complex structures of high-strength steel parts increases,and the disadvantages of traditional parts production processes such as complexity and length become increasingly apparent,a manufacturing technology that can directly form complex parts in a short process is urgently needed to be researched and applied.The metal produced by additive manufacturing(AM)technology show finer grains,a more controllable matrix phase,a more uniform distribution,and finer carbides.AM can directly form complex parts and greatly shorten the process and now is expected to meet the high needs of high-strength with excellent mechanical properties and increasingly complex structural requirements.The basic characteristics of highstrength steel is firstly analyzed,which include the microstructure、mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of high-strength steel under traditional manufacturing.Then the characteristics of additive manufacturing technology are analyzed,focusing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength steel produced by laser powder bed fusion technology(L-PBF).The internal strengthening mechanism is systematically expounded within the traditional manufacturing of high-strength steel.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel are summarized and compared systematically with those of high-strength steel made from LPBF.Secondly,it paid attention to the practical application and some research results of high-strength steel in the field of additive manufacturing,and made an outlook on the future development of high-strength steel additive manufacturing,in order to contribute to the application and industrialization promotion of more high-strength steel in the field of additive manufacturing.