美国公共土地所有权法治经验及对中国的启示

Experience in the Rule of Law of Public Land Ownership in the U.S.and Its Implications for China

美国联邦或州政府所有的公共土地属美国国有自然资源资产,其所有权管理法治经验可归纳如下:一是按照管理难易程度、不同自然资源价值目标对自然资源所有权进行分类并设立不同权利,二是促进公共土地所有权管理机构法定化、专业化和科学化,三是通过明晰自然资源所有权和监管权来协调政府和市场之间的关系。中国自然资源资产国家所有权制度是《中华人民共和国宪法》规定的重要内容。美国经验对中国自然资源资产管理体制改革的启示是:在进行所有权管理时,不仅要依靠行政手段和加强管理的科学化、专业化,更要发挥市场作用。在坚持社会主义公有制的前提下,要尊重自然资源资产多用途属性,根据经济社会发展需求,推动自然资源资产所有权与使用权分离,实现自然资源资产多元价值,保障所有者权益。

The public lands owned by the U.S.federal or state governments are state-owned natural resource assets,and their experience in the rule of law of the ownership management can be summarized as follows.Firstly,the ownership of natural resources is classified according to the difficulty of management and value objectives of different natural resources,and thus different rights are set up.Secondly,the management institutions of the ownership of public lands are legalized,specialized,and scientific.Thirdly,the relationship between government and the market is coordinated by clarifying the ownership and regulatory rights of natural resources.The state ownership system of natural resource assets in China is an important part of Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.The U.S.experience can provide implication for the reform of natural resource assets in China.In terms of ownership management,it is necessary not only to rely on administrative measures and strengthen the specialization and scientization of management,but also to give full play to the role of the market.In addition,under the premise of adhering to socialist public ownership,it is essential to respect the multi-purpose nature of natural resource assets,promote the separation of ownership and use rights of natural resource assets based on the needs of economic and social development,realize the diversified value of natural resource assets,and safeguard the rights and interests of owners.