师者何以解惑?——基于《论语》“惑”的考察

How Can Teachers Dispelling Doubts:Starting from the“Huo”in the Analects of Confucius

教师要避免说教式的传道,需要能够有效地解惑。对《论语》中关于“惑”的表述进行考察,可以发现“惑”虽然与“知”相对,但并非“无知”,而是在学习过程中,对自身所学所知产生困惑的一种状态。学习者的“惑”生于所知,主观上是由于存在认知不完备、未达到知者不惑的境界,客观上是由于生活环境的较大变化冲击其已有的认知。“惑”的存在对学习者的自明而诚、由知而行造成消极影响,并可能割裂儒家教育的逻辑体系。师者要进行有效的解惑,应当从理解学生的思考方式、回应社会的发展变化着手,同时提高解惑的自觉性。《论语》中对于“惑”的探讨能够为当代教师理解学生的道德困惑,提升解惑能力提供历史经验。

To avoid preaching,teachers need to answer the questions effectively.From the study of the expression of“Huo”in the Analects of Confucius,it can be found that although“Huo”is opposite to“knowledge”,it is not“ignorance”,this is a state of being confused about onesown knowledge during learning.Learnersdoubt arises from what they know.Subjectively,it is because of incomplete cognition and not reached the state of a wise man is never confused.Objectively,it is due to significant changes in the living environment impact their existing cognition.The existence of“Huo”has negative impact on learnersknowledge and practice,as well as know the principle and be honest which may sever the logical system of Confucian education.Teachers should answer the questions effectively,start by understanding studentsways of thinking,responding to social development and changes,and enhancing their awareness of problem-solving.The exploration of“Huo”in the Analects of Confucius can provide historical experience for understanding studentsmoral confusion and improving contemporary teachersability to answer the questions.