沙俄治下的中亚霍乱疫情及其防疫对策演变--一项医学社会史研究

The Cholera Epidemic in Central Asia during Tsarist Russia Era and its Evolution of Countermeasures--A study on the Social History of Medicine

霍乱是极具破坏性的流行病,仅沙俄统治中亚时期就先后爆发过八次。其中,在1872年、1892年及20世纪初期的三次霍乱疫情中,沙俄政府分别采取了不同的防疫对策进行应对;期间防疫对策的调整演变,体现了现代西方医学观念的进步,也折射出流行病与中亚地区的社会、经济、文化间存在着的互动关系;流行病防控措施的实施和效果的显现,既与疾病理论的进步有关,还与区域社会整体发展水平密切相连,而特定的社会文化和习俗对防疫对策的运转也有一定的影响;研究沙俄统治中亚时期防疫对策的演变并总结其中的历史经验,对“一带一路”背景下中国与中亚地区医疗卫生领域合作的顺利开展具有很好的借鉴意义。

Cholera is a particularly destructive epidemic that has broken out on eight occasions in Central Asia during the rule of Tsarist Russia.In response to the three Cholera epidemics of 1872,1892,and the early 20th century,the Russian government implemented a series of epidemic prevention measures.The evolution of these measures reflects not only the advancement of Western medical concepts but also the interactive relationship between epidemics and the local social,economic,and cultural context of Central Asia.The implementation of prevention and control measures,as well as their initial effects,are not only shaped by the progress of disease theory but are also closely related to the overall level of social development.The specific social culture and customs of a given population also have an impact on the operation of epidemic prevention measures.Studying the evolution of colonial governments'epidemic prevention measures during the period of Tsarist Russia's rule in Central Asia and summarizing historical experience will serve as a reference for the smooth development of cooperation in the field of medical and health between China and Central Asia under the background of the"Belt and Road"initiative.