档案文献所呈现的清前期在台湾地区设立土司之议

The Archival Documents Present Discussions in the Early Qing Period Regarding the Establishment of Tusi in Taiwan,China

康熙二十二年(1683年)至乾隆九年(1744年),清朝统一台湾地区后的六十余年间,闽台官员先后五次提出仿照施行于西南民族地区的土司制度,在台湾地区“番族社会”设立土司,其中康熙朝两次,雍正朝两次,乾隆朝一次。前三次均为“私议”,第四次为南澳镇总兵许良彬的奏请,虽直达“天听”,但均未纳入清政府决策程序加以讨论。乾隆九年,福建布政使高山奏请在台湾地区“熟番”中设立土司,则经过户部议准、乾隆帝允行,再到闽浙总督马尔泰等提出反对并获乾隆帝支持的反复,前后历时近一年,最终被否决,相关讨论由此画上句号,此后再无人提及在台设立土司之事。本文拟通过档案文献厘清这一历史过程,并从雍正朝西南边疆实施大规模改土归流后土司制度的发展变化,结合同时期川西北“番族社会”设立“流职土司”情形,审视高山奏议所具有的积极意义和特殊历史价值。

From the twenty-second year of Kangxi(1683)to the ninth year of Qianlong(1744),a period of over sixty years after the Qing Dynasty unified taiwan region,officials from Fujian and taiwan region proposed five times to establish a Tusi system in taiwan's"Fan society",modeled after the system implemented in the southwestern ethnic areas.The first three attempts were informal discussions,while the fourth was a request by Xu Liangbin,the commander of Nan'ao Town,directly submitted to the emperor but remained unresolved,without being included in the Qing government's decision-making process.In the 9th year of Qianlong's reign,Fujian governor Gao Shan proposed establishing Tusi among the"Shu Fan"in taiwan region.This proposal underwent nearly a year of deliberations,including approval from the Ministry of Revenue and Qianlong's consent,followed by opposition from Governor-General Ma Erta and others,eventually leading to its rejection.This discussion concluded the matter,and there were no further mentions of establishing Tusi in taiwan region thereafter.This paper aims at clarify this historical process through archival documents,examine the development of the Tusi system after the bureaucratization of native officers in the southwestern frontier during the Yongzheng reign,and assess the positive significance and special historical values of Gao Shan's proposal,considering the establishment of"official's Tusi"in the"Fan society"of northwest Sichuan during the same period.