企业向公共部门共享数据的欧盟模式与中国镜鉴——以欧盟《数据法案》为视角

EU Model of Business-to-Government Data Sharing and Its Implications for China:From the Perspective of the EU Data Act

数据是数字时代的关键要素,是企业的核心资产和竞争力所在,是公共部门履职尽责的科学遵循。企业向公共部门共享数据能激发企业数据蕴含的社会价值,实现公共利益最大化。垄断性数据供应商与数据定价、事前交易成本和事后风险、外部性和激励错位等经济内因和监管、程序、文化、技术方面的实践障碍导致欧盟企业向公共部门共享数据受阻。欧盟最近生效的《数据法案》构建了企业向公共部门强制性共享数据的机制,明确规定了数据共享的主体、事由、程序以及权利义务等内容,有望促进数据要素的充分利用,增进社会福祉。我国可以借鉴欧盟模式,平衡公共利益和企业利益,健全安全保障机制,使企业数据在公共部门决策和公共服务中发挥更大作用。

Data is a key element in the digital era,representing the core asset and competitiveness of businesses and serving as a scientific guide for the government to perform its duties and responsibilities.Business-togovernment data sharing will stimulate the social value embedded in business data and maximise public interest.Monopolistic data suppliers and data pricing,ex-ante transaction costs and ex-post risks,externalities and misaligned incentives,as well as practical barriers related to regulation,procedures,culture,and technology,have led to the blockage of business-to-government data sharing in the EU.The Data Act,which recently came into effect,establishes a mechanism for mandatory business-to-government data sharing,and clearly stipulates the subjects,reasons,procedures,rights,and obligations of data sharing,which is expected to promote the full utilisation of data elements and enhance the well-being of the society.China can learn from the EU model to balance the public interest and private interests of businesses,and improve the security mechanism,so that business data can play a greater role in government decision-making and public services.