血糖稳态对神经组织功能影响的机制

Mechanism of glucose homeostasis influence on neural tissue function

葡萄糖是维持脑组织细胞功能的重要能量来源,血液葡萄糖经微血管内皮细胞上表达的葡萄糖转运蛋白1(glucose transporter 1,GLUT1)摄取后,透过血脑屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)进入神经组织各类细胞中代谢以提供能量及营养成分,维持脑组织正常生理功能。当血液中的葡萄糖含量高于或低于正常值(3.9~6.1 mmol/L)时,称之为血糖稳态异常。血糖稳态失去平衡后导致脑组织葡萄糖代谢发生改变,影响和损伤脑中各类神经组织细胞功能,导致中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)血糖调控进一步紊乱,以及患者出现神志不清及昏迷等症状。本文主要阐述血糖稳态调控过程中,神经组织各类型细胞对血糖的摄入和利用转化为能量及其他分子的机制,结合临床血糖稳态失衡的病理生理机制,为血糖稳态异常引起的中枢神经并发症提供基础理论,并为相关药物研发提供理论基础。

Glucose is an important energy source for maintaining the function of brain cells. After blood glucose is ingested by glucose transporter 1(GLUT1) expressed on microvascular endothelial cells, it travels through the blood brain barrier(BBB), enters into various cells of nervous tissue to metabolize and provide energy and nutrients, and maintain the normal physiological function of brain tissue. When the glucose content in the blood is higher or lower than the normal value(3.9~6.1 mmol/L), it is called abnormal glucose homeostasis. The loss of blood glucose homeostasis leads to changes in glucose metabolism in brain tissue,affecting and damaging the functions of various nerve tissue cells in the brain, leading to further disturbance of blood glucose regulation in the central nervous system(CNS), and symptoms such as confusion and coma in patients. In this paper, the intake and utilization of blood glucose by various types of cells in nervous tissue into energy and other molecular mechanisms during the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis were summarized,and combined with the pathophysiological mechanism of clinical blood glucose homeostasis imbalance, the basic theory of central nervous system complications caused by abnormal blood glucose homeostasis was provided, and the theoretical basis for the research and development of related drugs was also provided.