语义密构解析:农民集体所有与本集体成员集体所有

A Semantic Analysis of Collective Ownership by Farmers and Collective Ownership by Members of a Same Collective

民法典第261条第1款规定:“农民集体所有的不动产和动产,属于本集体成员集体所有”。其条文中有三个“集体”和两个“所有”,但其同一词语并非表达同一概念。在该条立法假定部分,表达集体所有制客观存在的事实状态,其中“集体”“所有”为政治经济学概念;在立法处理部分,表达设定集体所有权的法律状态,其中“集体”“所有”为法学概念。我国宪法和民法典通过在特定规范中语境设置转换,实现“集体”“所有”的语义设定由政治经济学范畴迁移至法学范畴。对“集体”“所有”的语义自设不同,反映词语所指的概念界定不同,进而反映法律叙事者的观察视野与观念表达不同,这是农村集体经济法治领域许多学术观点争议与立法方案竞争得以发生的底层原因。依民法典第261条第1款之本旨,民法典中的“农民集体”是政治经济学概念,反映物质性的经济关系;“农村集体经济组织”是法学概念,反映观念性的法律关系。农民集体是农村集体经济组织的经济本质,农村集体经济组织是农民集体的法律形式,两者之间是异质同体的社会存在。

Paragraph 1,Article 261 of the Civil Code states that the immovables and movables owned by a farmers' collective belong to all the members of the collective.This contains three instances of the term "collective" and two instances of "ownership",but these terms do not express the same concept throughout the text.In the legislative assumption of this article,it expresses the fact that collective ownership exists objectively,where "collective" and "ownership" are concepts from political economy.In the legislative imposition part,it expresses the legal state of establishing collective ownership rights,where "collective" and "ownership" are legal concepts.China's Constitution and Civil Code achieve the semantic shift of "collective" and "ownership" from political economy to legal concepts through contextual changes in specific norms.The different semantic self-interpretations of "collective" and "ownership" reflect different conceptual definitions,which in turn reflect the different perspectives and conceptual expressions of legal narrators.This is the underlying reason for many academic disputes and legislative competition in the field of rural collective economic law.According to the original intent of this provision,"farmers' collective" is a political economy concept,reflecting material economic relationships."Rural collective economic organization" is a legal concept,reflecting conceptual legal relationships.The farmers' collective is the economic essence of the rural collective economic organization,while the rural collective economic organization is the legal form of the farmers' collective.The two are heterogeneous yet unified social existences.