从交流到交锋:17-19世纪中西方文明交往的过程分析及启示

From Communication to Confrontation:An Analysis of the Process of Civilization Contact between China and the West from the 17th Century to the 19th Century

在从17世纪到19世纪的三个世纪里,新兴西欧国际秩序与传统东亚天下秩序的主要国家行为体和非国家行为体共同经历了三个逐步激化、层层递进的碰撞阶段。17世纪是“东观西望”、各取所需的接触—试探阶段,东西方文明之间的联系更多还是充满浪漫主义情结,双方试图在彼此的文明特征中寻找共通之处。18世纪是“西来东往”、各执一词的交流—交锋阶段,无论是康熙皇帝与罗马教皇之间的宗教礼仪之争,还是乾隆皇帝与英国国王之间的外交礼仪之争,都是在交流中包含着交锋、在交锋中增进了交流。19世纪是“西升东降”、势不两立的对抗—磨合阶段,欧洲殖民主义狂飙突进,造成东西方国际秩序从理念差异走向了利益矛盾。纵观近代西欧世界对东亚世界在理念、利益、力量等领域形成的冲突格局,国际形势演变的基本脉络可以概括为“因‘理’而起”“随‘利’而激”“尽‘力’而疲”,最终的结果是作为“守成秩序”的传统东亚天下秩序被作为“崛起秩序”的新兴西欧国际秩序所吞噬。我们应充分吸取教训,尊重文明的多样性、珍视文明的历史性、关注文明的现代性,努力构建更加和平、公正、繁荣的世界新秩序。

Over the long period of three centuries,major state actors and non-state actors of the emerging West European international order and the traditional East Asian Tianxia order have gone through three stages of gradually intensified and layer-layer progressive collision.The 17th century witnessed a period of engagement and probe,in which each side took what it needed.The connection between Eastern and Western civilizations was still full of romanticism,and both sides were trying to find commonalities in each other's cultural characteristics.The 18th century was characterized by communication and confrontation,in which each side persisted in its own views.Whether it was the religious rites controversy between Emperor Kangxi and the Pope of Rome,or the protocol dispute between Emperor Qianlong and the King of Great Britain,they all had confrontation in communication and enhanced communication thereafter.The 19th century stayed as a period of clash and adjustment,in which both side were at daggers drawn.The rise of European colonialism has led to ideological differences in the international order between the East and the West,resulting in conflict of interests.West European world has formed a complex conflict pattern and situation in the fields of ideology interests,and power with the East Asian world.The above-mentioned process can be summarized as"arising from identification","stimulating with profit",and"exhausting with war".As a result,the traditional East Asian Tianxia order serving as the"status quo order"was swallowed up by the emerging West European international order serving as the"rising order".We should fully learn from the lessons,respect the diversity of civilization,cherish the historicity of civilization,pay attention to the modernity of civilization,and strive to build a more peaceful,just,and prosperous new world order.