仪式、文本与叙事:鲁迅小说《祝福》的民俗书写与再造

Ritual,Text,and Narrative:The Folk Custom Writing and Reconstruction in Lu Xun's Blessing

年节是中华民族的时空坐标,年节仪式及其民间叙事承载着神圣化的生活文化和情感价值。鲁迅故乡浙江绍兴有关年节的习俗,最初仅在地方志文献中记录为“年纸”。明代万历年间以后,“年纸”在方志中逐渐被“作年福”“作冬福”“作福”“谢年”“请年菩萨”等词替代。在鲁迅小说《祝福》发表之前,浙江绍兴本地的民俗实践从未出现以“祝福”指代相关年节习俗的现象。《祝福》所指涉的以“请大菩萨”为核心的年节仪式,经历了从鲁迅小说创作的经典文本,到经由大众传播弥散至民间,进而形成某种文化再造的社会化过程。

The New Year rituals and folklore narratives carry the sacred life culture and emotional values in China.The customs related to the New Year in Shaoxing,the hometown of Lu Xun,were initially recorded as “New Year Paper” in local records.After the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty,“New Year Paper” gradually evolved into “Zuofu”(作福)or “Worshipping the Bodhisattva “ in the records.Before the publication of Lu Xun's Blessing (《祝福》),there was never a phenomenon in the folklore customs of Shaoxing where the New Year customs were referred to “Worship the Bodhisattva” as “blessing”.The New Year ritual that Blessing involves has undergone a socialized process of cultural reconstruction that starts from the classic text of Lu Xun's novel,then spreads to folklore narratives through mass communication,and finally comes to the present forms.