根际微生态环境中氮源转化及循环研究进展

Progress in Research on Nitrogen Source Transformation and Cycle with in the Rhizosphere Micro-ecological Environment

氮是植物生长所需的三大主要营养元素之一,而硝态氮和铵态氮是植物吸收的2种主要氮素形态。硝态氮与铵态氮在植物生长过程中发挥着不同的作用。植物主要通过根系吸收硝态氮来满足生长过程中氮的需求,并转化为氨基酸、蛋白质等生物活性物质的合成原料,同时硝态氮参与叶绿素的合成,促进光合作用的进行;铵态氮也可被植物根系吸收,并用于植物体内蛋白质和氨基酸的合成,而且铵态氮的吸收速度较快,能够满足植物对氮素的迅速需求。由于植物生长特性不同,植物对硝态氮和铵态氮的利用效率有所差异。植物的基因型和环境因素都会影响其对不同氮素形态的利用能力,形成一些植物对硝态氮偏爱,而另一些植物则对铵态氮更为偏爱。本文从土壤氮素形态与转化影响因子、植物对氮素吸收机制以及高效氮素循环转化展望3个层面综述相关的研究进展,为作物生产中氮肥调控、土壤生态修复等科学研究提供技术理论参考依据。

Nitrogen is one of the three major nutrients required for plant growth,and nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen are the two main nitrogen forms absorbed by plants.Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen play different roles in plant growth.Plants mainly absorb nitrate nitrogen through roots to meet the needs of nitrogen in the growth process,and convert it into synthetic raw materials for bioactive substances such as amino acids and proteins.At the same time,nitrate nitrogen participates in the synthesis of chlorophyll and promotes photosynthesis.Ammonium nitrogen can also be absorbed by plant roots and used for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids in plants,and the absorption rate of ammonium nitrogen is fast,which can meet the rapid demand of plants for nitrogen.Due to the different growth characteristics of plants,the utilization efficiency of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen by plants is different.The genotype and environmental factors of plants will affect their ability to utilize different nitrogen forms,forming that some plants prefer nitrate nitrogen,while others prefer ammonium nitrogen.In this paper,the related research progress was reviewed from three aspects:the influencing factors of soil nitrogen form and transformation,the mechanism of nitrogen absorption by plants and the prospect of efficient nitrogen cycle and transformation,so as to provide technical and theoretical reference for scientific research such as nitrogen fertilizer regulation and soil ecological restoration in crop production.