“稻-羊肚菌”轮作下稻田消纳羊肚菌废弃物的减氮效应研究

Study on Effects of Nitrogen Reduction with Morchella Waste Returing to Paddy Field in Rice-morchella Rotation

为探讨“稻-羊肚菌”轮作下羊肚菌废弃物还田对水稻生产的影响及其替代化学氮肥的应用潜力,于2022年设置盆栽试验。试验设计了3个处理,分别为:羊肚菌废弃物还田+常规施肥(H1)、羊肚菌废弃物还田+氮肥减施10%(H2)、羊肚菌废弃物不还田+常规施肥(CK),测定了水稻产量与产量构成、干物质积累、植株氮素吸收利用效率及土壤有机质、pH与速效氮含量变化,分析了稻田消纳羊肚菌废弃物的减氮生产效应。结果表明:与CK处理相比,H1处理水稻产量增加了4.0%、H2处理降低了0.3%,H1处理的水稻产量构成指标优于CK处理,具体表现为有效穗数、每穗粒数与结实率分别提高了3.1%、1.7%与3.7%及成穗率提高了6.1%,H2处理有效穗数、每穗粒数与结实率分别降低1.0%、0.6%与0.4%,而千粒重、成穗率提高了1.3%、6.4%,但H1、H2、CK处理之间的产量及其构成差异均未达显著水平(P>0.05);不同处理之间水稻各时期的干物质积累及成熟期的含氮率、吸氮量、氮素干物质生产效率、氮素籽粒生产效率均无差异显著性(P>0.05);羊肚菌废弃物还田利于提升稻田土壤有机质含量、增加铵态氮含量,水稻成熟期H1、H2处理土壤有机质含量均较CK提高,且H1与CK处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05),H1、H2处理土壤铵态氮含量较CK分别提高28.8%、7.7%(P<0.05);处理间硝态氮含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合水稻产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收利用效率及土壤肥力等指标,“稻-羊肚菌”轮作下稻田消纳利用羊肚菌废弃物并不影响水稻生长及产量形成,并且对稻田土壤培肥具正向促进作用,基于羊肚菌废弃物还田下氮素减施10%(替代10%化学氮素)对水稻稳产性影响不显著。

To explore the effect of morchella waste returning on rice production and its potential to replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer in“rice-morchella rotation”,a pot experiment was set up in 2022.Three treatments were designed in the experiment,which were“morchella waste returning to paddy field+conventional fertilization(H1)”,“morchella waste returning to paddy field+nitrogen fertilizer 10% reduction(H2)”,“no morchella waste returning to paddy filed+conventional fertilization(CK)”.The rice yield and yield components,dry matter accumulation,nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of plant,the changes of soil organic matter,pH value and available nitrogen content were measured,and the production effect of nitrogen reduction with morchella waste returning was analyzed.The results showed that compared with CK,the rice yield of H1 was increased by 4.0% and that of H2 was decreased by 0.32%.The rice yield components of H1 were better than those of CK,which concrete embodied that the effective panicle number,grain number per panicle,seed setting rate and the spike rate of H1 were increased by 3.1%,1.7%,3.7% and 6.1%,respectively.The effective panicle number,grain number per panicle and seed setting rate of H2 were decreased by 1.0%,0.6% and 0.4%,respectively,while the thousand-grain weight and spike rate were increased by 1.3% and 6.4%.However,there was no significant difference in yield and its components among H1,H2 and CK(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in dry matter accumulation at different stages and nitrogen content,nitrogen uptake,nitrogen dry matter production efficiency and nitrogen grain production efficiency at maturity among different treatments(P>0.05).The returning of morchella waste was beneficial to improve the content of soil organic matter and ammonium nitrogen in paddy field.The soil organic matter content of H1 and H2 at rice mature period were both higher than that of CK,and the difference between H1 and CK was significant(P<0.05).The soil ammonium nitrogen content of H1 and H2 was 28.8% and 7.7% higher than that of CK(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in nitrate nitrogen content among treatments(P>0.05).Based on the indexes such as dry matter accumulation,nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency,soil fertility and so on,morchella waste consumption and utilization in paddy field in rice-morchella rotation did not affect the rice growth and yield formation,and had positive effects on paddy soil fertility.Therefore,10% nitrogen fertilizer reduction(replacing 10% chemical nitrogen)with the morchella waste returning to the paddy field in rice production had no significant effect on the stability of rice yield.