2023年4月28—29日冻害对陇东苹果花期的影响分析

Analysis of Impact of Freezing Damage from April 28th to 29th,2023 on Flowering Period of Apples in Longdong

本研究以2023年4月28—29日陇东地区发生的苹果严重冻害事件为案例,旨在通过分析气象数据和苹果发育期资料,探讨不同品种和种植地域的苹果对低温冻害的敏感性及其影响因素。研究选取了庆城、合水、西峰、宁县、正宁、镇原、平凉等地区的国家级气象站1971—2023年的气温观测资料及1994—2023年西峰农业气象试验站的苹果发育期资料,采用统计学方法分析了不同品种、不同种植地域最低温度、低温持续时间与苹果花蕊受冻级别的相关性。结果表明,冻害对陇东苹果早熟品种嘎啦系、蜜脆、粉红女士,晚熟品种瑞阳、瑞雪、瑞香红等影响较小;对中熟品种富士系影响较大;苹果种植地域山地、平原较川地、塬畔严重;陇东苹果由于气候变暖原因花期提前,当温度降低到-2℃以下时,冻害程度会随着温度的降低和持续时间的增加而加重。在苹果花期,低温是影响冻害的主导因素,而最低温度和低温持续时间则是决定冻害程度的关键指标。如果温度持续低于苹果花期的耐受极限,那么冻害的发生和严重程度将随着低温的持续时间延长而增加,并通过实际灾情验证。本研究的结论对于优化苹果种植策略、改良品种选择、提高果业产值及振兴乡村经济具有重要意义。

The aims were to optimize apple planting areas,improve varieties,increase the output value of economic forests and fruits,revitalize rural economy,and achieve high-quality development of fruit industry.Taking the severe freezing damage process of apples in Longdong from April 28th to 29th,2023 as an example,the hourly meteorological element changes during this process in representative areas of apple cultivation in Longdong,such as Qingcheng(Chicheng),Heshui(Hejiapan),Xifeng(Wenquan),Ningxian(Zaosheng,Panke),Zhengning(Gonghe),Zhenyuan(Fangshan),and Pingliang(Jingning)were used to study the correlation between the minimum temperature and low temperature duration of different varieties and different planting areas and the freezing grade of apple stamens by statistical methods.Temperature observation data from 8 national meteorological stations from 1971 to 2023 and apple development period data from Xifeng Agricultural Meteorological Experimental Station from 1994 to 2023 were also utilized.The results showed that frost damage had a relatively small impact on early maturing apple varieties such as Gala series,Micui,and Pink Lady,as well as late maturing apple varieties such as Ruiyang,Ruixue,and Ruixiang Hong in Longdong.It had a significant impact on the mid maturity variety Fuji.The apple cultivation area is more severe in mountainous and plain areas than in river areas and along the plateau.Due to climate change,the flowering period of apples in Longdong is advanced.When the temperature drops below-2℃,the degree of frost damage will increase with the decrease of temperature and the increase of duration.During the flowering period of apples,low temperature is the dominant factor affecting frost damage,while the minimum temperature and duration of low temperature are key indicators determining the degree of frost damage.If the temperature continues to fall below the tolerance limit of apple flowering,the occurrence and severity of frost damage will increase with the prolongation of low temperature,and will be verified by actual disaster situations.