现代汉语非常规动宾结构初探——以“拉+非受事宾语”为例

A Primer on Unconventional VO Constructions in Modern Chinese——Taking"La+Non-Responsible Objects"as an Example

汉语动宾结构具有较强的语义兼容能力,处所、目的、工具等外围语义成分常常占据表层宾语位置,形成大量“动词+非受事宾语”的非常规结构,其中高频动词“拉”所带宾语的语义角色尤为丰富,有必要展开深入研究。该文首先依据概念整合理论将“拉+非受事宾语”结构划分为三个层级,并对其动宾语义关系和句法特征展开分析。随后该文从语义、语用两个角度探析该结构得以生成、推广的原因,结论如下:第一,语义显要程度的提高要求用句法位置凸显;第二,动宾双方通过转喻、隐喻机制进行语义互动和调整,进而完成组配;第三,语言经济性原则为结构的大量生成和扩散提供条件。最后,该文初步提炼出汉语非常规动宾结构的共有规律:受高频动词效应制约、非受事成分需提供足量的新信息。

Chinese verb-object structure has strong semantic compatibility,and peripheral semantic components such as place,purpose,and tool often occupy the position of surface object,forming a large number of unconventional structures of"verb+non-affected object",among which the object of the high-frequency verb"la"is particularly rich in semantic roles.Among them,the semantic roles of the object carried by the high-frequency verb"pull"are particularly rich,which need to be studied in depth.In this paper,we first classify the structure of"la+non-responsible Objects"into three levels according to the conceptual integration theory,and analyze its semantic relationship between the verb and the object and its syntactic features;then we analyze the reasons for the generation and promotion of this structure from the perspectives of semantics and pragmatics,and we find that:(1)the increase of semantic salience requires the use of the syntactic position of the object to be highlighted;(2)the verb-object pair interacts and adjusts semantically through the mechanism of metonymy and metaphor,and then completes the grouping;(3)the principle of linguistic economy provides conditions for the mass generation and diffusion of the structure.Finally,the common rules of unconventional verb-object structures in Chinese are preliminarily refined:constrained by high-frequency verb effects,and non-affected constituents need to provide a sufficient amount of new information.