自我规范:唐宋散文中的文体批评

Self-Regulation:Stylistic Criticism in Tang and Song Prose

文体批评通常是后知后觉的理论总结,而唐宋各体散文中也包含丰富的文体知识和思想,具有鲜明的当下效应和实践品格。综论和散论是两种样态,而散论更有价值。功能规范和写作规范是两大要义,前者为体,后者为用。论辩、奏议、诏令、传状、碑志五类文体常被散文家讨论,他们针对当下创作,不断提出规范细则并批判时俗之失。唐宋散文家以复古主义和实用主义为原则,建构了具有强烈自我规范意识的散文文体批评样态。它强调文体的功能应用或曰“社会性特征”,这是其“规范”的独特取径,区别于南宋以后的文章学和文体学。

Stylistic criticism is usually a theoretical summary which lags behind the writing process.Tang and Song prose,however,contains lots of stylistic knowledge and thoughts,which have distinct current effect and practical character.Review and discussion are two kinds of patterns,and the latter is more valuable.Functional norms and writing norms are the two main principle.The former reveals the essence of style,while the latter reveals its use.Argumentation,sermons,edicts,citation,tables and records are often discussed by essayists,who constantly put forward the standard rules and criticized the shortcomings of the writing at the time.Tang and Song essayists took revivalism and pragmatism as the principle of prose to construct the knowledge and thoughts of prose style with a strong sense of self-regulation.They emphasized the functional application of the style or social feature,which is different from the essay studies and stylistic theories after Southern Song dynasty.