祭典类非物质文化遗产的历史形成与现实意义

Historical Development and Realistic Meaning of the Public Sacrificial Rituals as Intangible Cultural Heritage

祭典类非物质文化遗产因祭典的祭祀对象是上古帝王和历代名人而显得特殊,其保护实践饱受争议。公共祭祀的行为源于上古巫祭,在王朝时期得以制度化,形成了一整套的祭祀礼仪。今天仅有少数祭典得以传承,一般以地方公共祭典的形式举办,多数已入选政府认定的非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。传承祭典类非遗的意义主要有三点:一是在国家层面,强化中华民族的文化记忆,增强内在凝聚力,激发爱国情怀;二是在地方层面,活化利用好这笔遗产,可为促进当地经济和社会发展服务;三是在个人层面,能为处于物化状态的当代人提供神圣体验和精神滋养。马克思主义的社会理想与中华文明的精神追求,共同构成了支撑当代中国人的两大信仰力量。保护祭典类非遗的关键,在于深入挖掘祭典的文化内涵和中华礼乐文明的核心要义,以重塑祭典的神圣性、审美性与社会性。

Among intangible cultural heritage items,the public sacrificial rituals are special and controversial because they are dedicated to the mythic kings or historical persons of the ancient time.These rituals are originated in the prehistoric magic rituals and were institutionalized with a series of ritual system during the dynastic periods.Only a few of such rituals are inherited until today.As public events,they are mostly hold by the local governments and are recognized as intangible cultural heritage items nowadays.The significance of inheriting the sacrificial rituals can be concluded as follows:first,they strengthen the cultural memory of China on the national level;second,local people may gain opportunities for economic and social development by activating these heritages;third,the modern individuals who are suffering under materialized state may get some spiritual enrichment and cultural nourishment by participating in such events.The social ideals of Marxism and the spiritual pursuit of Chinese civilization construct two integral beliefs in modern China.The key challenges by inheriting the sacrificial rituals are how to reveal the cultural connotations comprised deeply in them and how to reconstruct the social,aesthetic and sacred dimensions of the rituals.