正统之外:明清时期徽州堪舆师群体初探

Beyond Orthodoxy:A Preliminary Study of Geomancers in Huizhou During the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期,徽州存在着大量的堪舆师。堪舆师的来源多样,儒生基本操持着堪舆行业,监生、庠生等低级知识分子为中坚,医师、命理师兼学风水术的社会现象在徽州也不罕见。堪舆技术的获得,包括家传、自学、游艺等途径。堪舆书籍为从事风水提供便捷道路,代际相传则造就了颇具特色的堪舆家族。作为民间知识群体,堪舆师通过风水知识的社会性应用结交官府、士人,构造风水景观,扩展自身乃至家族的文化竞争力,进一步助推风水观念在徽州社会的兴盛。

Plentiful geomancers lived in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The identities of geomancers are diverse,and Confucian scholars almost monopolized the profession,low-level intellectuals,such as the imperial or local college students,actually served as the backbone.The social phenomenon that both physicians and the fortune teller learned the geomantic theory was not rare.The way to acquire the knowledge of geomancy mainly included family inheritance,self-study and consultation to outsides experts.The books of geomancy provided a convenient way to engage in geomantic occupation,and it is passed down from generation to generation that has created the family of geomancy with its own characteristics.As a folk knowledge group,through the social application of geomantic technology,geomancers made connections with officials and scholars and constructed geomantic landscape,thus expanding their own and even their family’s cultural competitiveness and further boosting the prosperity of geomancy in Huizhou.